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References currently represented within the MPNS Resource

The MPNS Resource is built by collecting plant names from medicines and drugs literature and medicinal plant resources, this includes:

  • pharmacopoeias and monographs
  • ethnobotanical surveys and regional works
  • natural products research
  • formal and traditional herbals
  • conservation and trade checklists
  • databases with a regional or thematic focus compiling medicinal plant records

All references listed below are indexed in the Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) Resource and are organised into geographic regions based on countries of focus or intended use and according to the United Nations geoscheme. Our selection of references has been guided by three main aims:

  1. To cover references of regulatory importance, for example pharmacopoeias and the EMA community herbal monographs.
  2. To cover references that reflect the most commonly traded medicinal plants.
  3. To be global in scope and include a diversity of names in multiple languages.

The MPNS Resource is currently at Version 13.0, containing a total of 361 references. New additions to this version are in bold and indicated by '[V13]' at the end of a citation. See 'The MPNS Resource' page for further details.

We are adding more references which will be included in the next release of the portal. Please contact us if you know of additional references which you feel should be included: mpns@kew.org.

Africa

  • Arnold, T.H., Prentice, C.A., Hawker, L.C., Snyman, E.E., Tomalin, M., Crouch, N.R. & Pottas-Bircher, C. (2002). Medicinal and Magical Plants of Southern Africa: An Annotated Checklist. Strelitzia. 13: 1-203. 1
  • Ayalew, H., Tewelde, E.,Abebe, B., Alebachew, Y. & Tadesse, S. (2022). Endemic Medicinal Plants of Ethiopia: Ethnomedicinal Uses, Biological Activities and Chemical Constituents. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 293: 115207. [v13]
  • Ben Sassi, A., Harzallah-Skhiri, F. & Aouni, M. (2007). Investigation of Some Medicinal Plants from Tunisia for Antimicrobial Activities. Pharmaceutical Biology. 45 (5): 421-428. [v13]
  • Betti, J.L. (2002). Medicinal Plants Sold In Yaoundé Markets, Cameroon. African Study Monographs. 23 (2): 47-64. [v13]
  • Botha, J., Witkowski, E.T.F. & Shackleton, C.M. (2004). Market Profiles and Trade in Medicinal Plants in the Lowveld, South Africa. Environmental Conservation. 31 (1): 38-46. [v13]
  • Botha, J., Witkowski, ED.T.F. & Shackleton, C.M. (2007). Factors Influencing Prices of Medicinal Plants Traded in the Lowveld, South Africa. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. 14 (5): 450-469. [v13]
  • Boily, Y. & Van Puyvelde, L. (1986). Screening of Medicinal Plants of Rwanda (Central Africa) for Antimicrobial Activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 16 (1): 1-13. 1
  • Boudjelal, A. et al. (2013). Herbalists and Wild Medicinal Plants in M'Sila (North Algeria): An Ethnopharmacological Survey. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 148 (2): 395-402.
  • Bourgou, S., Ben Haj Jilani, I., Karous, O., Megdiche-Ksouri, W., Ghrabi-Gammar, Z., Libiad, M., Khabbach, A., El Haissoufi, M., Lamchouri, F., Greveniotis, V., et al. (2021). Medicinal-Cosmetic Potential of the Local Endemic Plants of Crete (Greece), Northern Morocco and Tunisia: Priorities for Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Neglected and Underutilized Phytogenetic Resources. List of Morocco. Biology. 10 (1344). [v13]
  • Bourgou, S., Ben Haj Jilani, I., Karous, O., Megdiche-Ksouri, W., Ghrabi-Gammar, Z., Libiad, M., Khabbach, A., El Haissoufi, M., Lamchouri, F., Greveniotis, V., et al. (2021). Medicinal-Cosmetic Potential of the Local Endemic Plants of Crete (Greece), Northern Morocco and Tunisia: Priorities for Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Neglected and Underutilized Phytogenetic Resources. List of Tunisia. Biology. 10 (1344). [v13]
  • Brendler, T., Eloff, J.N., Gurib-Fakim, A. & Phillips, L.D. (ed.) (2010). African Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Graphic Press, Mauritius. 1
  • Brink, M. & Achigan-Dako, E.G. (ed.) (2009). Obetia radula (Baker) B.D.Jacks. [Internet Record from PROTA4U]. PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa/Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. #
  • Burkill, H.M. (1995). The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa (2nd edn). Vol. 3. Families J-L. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London.
  • Burkill, H.M. (1997). The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa (2nd edn). Vol. 4. Families M–R. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London.
  • Busia, K. (ed.) (2007). Ghana Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Science and Technology Policy Research Institute, Accra. 1
  • Dibong, S.D., Mpondo Mpondo E., Ngoye, A., Kwin, M.F. & Betti, J.L. (2011). Ethnobotanique et Phytomédecine des Plantes Médicinales de Douala, Cameroun. Journal of Applied Biosciences. 37: 2496-2507. [v13]
  • Dossou-Yovo, H.O., Vodouhe, F.G. & Sinsin, B. (2014). Assessment of the Medicinal Uses of Plant Species Found on Termitaria in the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve in Benin. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 8 (8): 368-377. [v13]
  • EL-Kamali, H.H. (2009). Medicinal Plants in East and Central Africa: Challenges and Constraints. Ethnobotanical Leaflets. 13: 364-369. [v13]
  • Fongod, A.G.N., Modjenpa, N.B. & Veranso, M.C. (2013). Ethnobotany of Acanthaceae in the Mount Cameroon Region. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 7 (38): 2859-2866. [v13]
  • Gonzalez-Tejero, M.R., Casares-Porcel, M., Sanchez-Rojas, C.P., Ramiro-Gutierrez, J.M., Molero-Mesa, J., Pieroni, A., Giusti, M.E., Censorii, E., de Pasquale, C., Della, A., Paraskeva-Hadijchambi, D., Hadjichambis, A., Houmani, Z., El-Demerdash, M., El-Zayatf, M., Hmamouchi, M. & ElJohrig, S. (2008). Medicinal Plants in the Mediterranean Area: Synthesis of the Results of the Project Rubia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 116: 341-357. 4
  • Gurib-Fakim, A. & Brendler, T. (2004). Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Indian Ocean Islands: Madagascar, Cormoros, Seychelles and Mascarenes. Medpharm GmbH Scientific Publishers, Stuttgart. 1
  • Hadjichambis, A., Paraskeva-Hadjichambi, D., Della, A., Giusti, M.E., de Pasquale, C., Lenzarini, C., Censorii, E., Gonzales-Tejero, M.R., Sanchez-Rojas, C.P., Ramiro-Gutierrez, J.M., Skoula, M., Johnson, C., Sarpaki, A., Hmamouchi, M., Jorhi, S., El-Demerdash, M., El-Zayat, M. & Pieroni, A. (2009). Wild and Semi-Domesticated Food Plant Consumption in Seven Circum-Mediterranean Areas. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 59 (5): 383-414. 4
  • Henry, S.G., Francis, A. & Kofi, A. (2013). Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Diarrhoea and Skin Ulcer in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 7 (44): 3280-3285. [v13]
  • Iwu, M.M. (1993). Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 1
  • Krog, M.P., Falcâo, M.P. & Olsen, C.S. (2006). Medicinal Plant Markets and Trade in Maputo, Mozambique. Christian Ejlers, Hørsholm. [v13]
  • Lagnika, L., Djehoue, R., Yedomonhan, H. & Sanni, A. (2016). Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in Malaria Management in South Benin. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 10 (41): 748-756. [v13]
  • Latham, P & ku Mbuta, AK. (2017). Useful Plants of Kongo Central Province, Democratic Republic of Congo Vol 1-2 (3rd edn). s.loc. *
  • Lehoux, H. & Chakib, A. (2012). Non Wood Forest Product. National Report. Egypt. Food and Agriculture Organization, FOPP. [v13]
  • Mahomoodally, M.F. (2013). Traditional Medicines in Africa: An Appraisal of Ten Potent African Medicinal Plants. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013: 617459. [v13]
  • Moeng, E.T. & Potgieter, M.J. (2011). The Trade of Medicinal Plants by Muthi Shops and Street Vendors in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 5 (4): 558-564. [v13]
  • Mouhajir, F. , Pedersen, J.A., Rejdali, M. & Towers, G.H.N. (2001). Phenolics in Moroccan Medicinal Plant Species as Studied by Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy. Pharmaceutical Biology. 39 (5): 391-398. [v13]
  • Muhammad, S. & Shinkafi, M.A. (2014). Ethnobotanical Survey of Some Medicinal Important Leafy Vegetables in North Western Nigeria. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 8 (1): 6-8. [v13]
  • Oliver-Bever, O. (1983). Medicinal Plants in Tropical West Africa II: Plants Acting on the Nervous System. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 7 (1): 1-93. 1
  • Olorunniyi, O.F. & Morenikeji, O.A. (2013). The Extent of Use of Herbal Medicine in Malaria Management in Ido/Osi Local Government Area of Ekiti State, Nigeria. Academic Journals. 7 (42): 3171-3178. [v13]
  • Olowokudejo, J.D. et al. (2008). An Ethnobotanical Survey of Herbal Markets and Medicinal Plants in Lagos State of Nigeria. Ethnobotanical Leaflets. 12: 851-65. 2008.
  • Otieno, J., Abihudi, S., Veldman, S., Nahashon, M., van Andel, T. & de Boer, H.J. (2015). Vernacular Dominance in Folk Taxonomy: a Case Study of Ethnospecies in Medicinal Plant Trade in Tanzania. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 11 (10). [v13]
  • Ouarghidi, A., Powell, B., Martin, G.J., De Boer, H. & Abbad, A. (2012). Species Substitution in Medicinal Roots and Possible Implications for Toxicity of Herbal Remedies in Morocco. Economic Botany. 66: 370-382. [v13]
  • Petersen, L.M., Moll, E.J., Collins, R. & Hockings, M.T. (2012). Development of a Compendium of Local, Wild-Harvested Species Used in the Informal Economy Trade, Cape Town, South Africa. Ecology and Society. 17 (2): 26. [v13]
  • Quiroz, D., Towns, A., Legba, S.I., Swier, J., Brière, S., Sosef, M. & van Andel, T. (2014). Quantifying the Domestic Market in Herbal Medicine in Benin, West Africa. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 151 (3): 1100-1108. [v13]
  • Ramdane, F., Mahammed, M.H., Ould Hadj, M.D., Chanai, A., Hammoudi, R., Hillali, N., Mesrouk, H., Bouafia, I. & Bahaz, C. (2015). Ethnobotanical Study of Some Medicinal Plants from Hoggar, Algeria. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 9 (30): 820-827. [v13]
  • Randriamiharisoa, M.N., Kuhlman, A.R., Jeannoda, V., Rabarison, H., Rakotoarivelo, N., Randrianarivony, T., Raktoarivony, F., Randrianasolo, A. & Bussmann, R.W. (2015). Medicinal Plants Sold in the Markets of Antananarivo, Madagascar. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 11: 60. [v13]
  • RBG, Kew (ed.) (2015). Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa Database (viewed 13/11/2015 for use in SOTWP 2016). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London.
  • Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (eds.) (2008). Plant Resources of Tropical Africa (PROTA) 11 (1): Medicinal Plants 1. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen. 1
  • Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (eds.) (2013). Plant Resources of Tropical Africa (PROTA) 11 (2): Medicinal Plants 2. Earthprint Limited, s.loc. 1 
  • Sharaibi, O.J., Ogundipe, O.T., Afolayan, A.J. & Aworinde, D.O. (2014). Ethnobotanical Survey and Phytochemical Analysis of Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Hyperprolactinemia in Lagos State, Nigeria. Jornal of Medicinal Research. 8 (43): 1284-1288. [v13]
  • Towns, A.M., Quiroz, D., Guinee, L., de Boer, H. & van Andel, T. (2014). Volume, Value and Floristic Diversity of Gabon׳s Medicinal Plant Markets. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 155 (2): 1184-1193. [v13]
  • van Andel, T.R., Croft, S., van Loon, E.E., Quiroz, D., Towns, A.M. & Raes N. (2015). Prioritizing West African Medicinal Plants for Conservation and Sustainable Extraction Studies Based on Market Surveys and Species Distribution Models. Biological Conservation. 181: 173-181. [v13]
  • Wageningen University (ed.) (2015). Plant Resources of Tropical Africa (PROTA) (viewed 16/08/2015 for use in SOTWP 2016). Wageningen University. 
  • Williams, V.L., Victor, J.E., & Crouch, N.R. (2013). Red Listed Medicinal Plants of South Africa: Status, Trends, and Assessment Challenges. South African Journal of Botany 86: 23-35.
  • Wyk, B.E. van (2015). A Review of Commercially Important African Medicinal Plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 176: 118-134.

Northern America

  • HPUS (2009). HPUS Online Database (viewed: 26/10/2009). Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States (HPUS). 1
  • McGuffin, M., Kartesz, J.T., Leung, A.Y. & Tucker, A.O. (2000). Herbs of Commerce (2nd edn). AHPA, Silver Spring, USA. 1
  • Moerman, D.E. (1998). Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 1
  • U.S. FDA (2016). United States Food and Drug Administration Substance Registration System (viewed 2016). 
  • United States Pharmacopeial Convention (ed.) (2008). Food Chemicals Codex (6th edn). U.S. Pharmacopeia, s.loc.1
  • United States Pharmacopeial Convention (ed.) (2018). Food Chemicals Codex (11th edn). U.S. Pharmacopeia, s.loc. 1 
  • United States Pharmacopeial Convention (ed.) (2008). The United States Pharmacopeia USP 32. The National Formulary NF 27. 2009, Vol. 1-3. United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville.1
  • United States Pharmacopeial Convention (ed.) (2013). The United States Pharmacopeia USP 37. The National Formulary NF 32. 2014. United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville. 1
  • United States Pharmacopeial Convention (ed.) (2020). The United States Pharmacopeia USP 43. The National Formulary NF 38. 2020. United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville. 1 [v13]
  • United States Pharmacopeial Convention (ed.) (2016). The United States Pharmacopeia USP 39. The National Formulary NF 34. 2016. United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville. 
  • Weiner, M.A. (1972). Earth Medicine - Earth Food. Plant Remedies, Drugs and Natural Foods of the North American Indians. Collier, New York.

Caribbean

  • Carlomagno, A., Pardini, A. & Contino, Y. (2015). Medicinal Plants in Ethnobotanical and Religious Traditions in Cuba: a First Review and Updating. ASAT - Associazione Scienze Agrarie Tropicali, Firenze, Italy. [v13]
  • Mitchell, S.A. (2011). The Jamaican Root Tonics: A Botanical Reference. Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 16(4): 271–280. *

Central America

  • Alonso-Castro, A.J., Domínguez, F., Maldonado-Miranda, J.J., Castillo-Pérez, L.J., Carranza-Álvarez, C., Solano, E., Isiordia-Espinoza, M.A., Juárez-Vázquez, M.C., Zapata-Morales, J.R., Argueta-Fuertes, M.A., Ruiz-Padilla, A.J., Solorio-Alvarado, C.R., Rangel-Velázquez, J.E., Ortiz-Andrade, R., González-Sánchez, I., Cruz-Jiménez, G. & Orozco-Castellanos, L.M. (2017). Use of Medicinal Plants by Health Professionals in Mexico. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 198: 81-86. [v13]
  • Alcorn, J.B. (1984). Huastec Mayan Ethnobotany. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas.
  • Barrett, B. (1994). Medicinal Plants of Nicaragua's Atlantic Coast. Economic Botany. 48 (1): 8-20. 1
  • Casas, A., Valiente-Banuet, A., Viveros, J.L., Caballero, J., Cortés, L., Dávila, P., Lira, R. & Rodríguez, I. (2001). Plant Resources of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Mexico. Economic Botany. 55 (1): 129-166. *
  • Cates, R.G., Thompson, A., Brabazon, H., McDonald, S., Lawrence, M., Steven, W., Peniallilo, P., Fuentes Soria, J.A., Espinoza, L.V., Martinez. J.V., Arbizu, D.A., Villagran, E. & Ancheta, F. (2014). Activities of Guatemalan Medicinal Plants Against Cancer Cell Lines and Selected Microbes: Evidence for their Conservation. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 8 (33): 1040-1050. [v13]
  • Coe, F.G. & Anderson, G.J. (1996). Screening of Medicinal Plants Used by the Garífuna of Eastern Nicaragua for Bioactive Compounds. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 53: 29-50. 1
  • Comisión Permanente de la Farmacopea de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (ed.) (2001). Farmacopea Herbolaria de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Secretaria de Salud, México D.F. 1
  • Comisión Permanente de la Farmacopea de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (ed.) (2013). Farmacopea Herbolaria de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (2nd edn). Secretaria de Salud, México D.F. 1
  • Duke, J.A. (2009). Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of Latin America. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 1
  • Durán García, R., Méndez González, M., Dorantes Euan, A., McManus Gómez, M.P. & Pacheco Garrido, G.T. (2016). Manual de Propagación de Plantas Medicinales. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), México. *
  • Escamilla, B., Moreno, P., Pérez, E., Utrera, E., Tronco, C., Tronco, B. & Tronco, G. (2015). Plantas Medicinales de la Matamba y el Piñonal, Municipio de Jamapa, Veracruz. Instituto de Ecología, México. * [v13]
  • Fonseca Chávez, R.E., Rivera Levario, L.A. & Vázquez García, L. (2020). Guía Ilustrada de Plantas Medicinales en el Valle de México. INPI, Instituto Nacional de los Pueblos Indígenas, México. *
  • Giovannini, P., Howes, M.J.R. & Edwards, S.E. (2016). Data on Medicinal Plants Used in Central America to Manage Diabetes and its Sequelae (Skin Conditions, Cardiovascular Disease, Kidney Disease, Urinary Problems and Vision Loss). Data in Brief 7: 1217-1220.
  • Hersch-Martinez, P. (1995). Commercialization of Wild Medicinal Plants from Southwest Puebla, Mexico. Economic Botany. 49 (2): 197-206. [v13]
  • Heinrich, M., Ankli, A., Frei, B., Weimann, C. & Sticher, O. (1998). Medicinal Plants in Mexico: Healers' Consensus and Cultural Importance. Social Science and Medicine. 47 (11): 1859-1871. 1
  • Leonti, M., Sticher, O. & Heinrich, M. (2002). Medicinal Plants of the Popoluca, México: Organoleptic Properties as Indigenous Selection Criteria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 81: 307-315. [v13]
  • Méndez González, M., Dorantes, E.A., Pacheco Garrido, G.T. & Durán García, R. (2016). Guía de la Colección de Plantas Medicinales del Banco de Germoplasma PCTY. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Mexico. *
  • Nicholson, M.S. & Arzeni, C.B. (1993). The Market Medicinal Plants of Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Economic Botany. 47 (2): 184-192. [v13]
  • Ortiz Palacios, L., Cervantes Gutiérrez, V. & Chimal Hernández, A. (2017). Plantas Medicinales de San Francisco Tlaltenco Tláhuac, Ciudad de México. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico. *
  • Zuchowski, W. & Forsyth, T. (2008). Tropical Trees of Costa Rica. Distribuidores de la Zona Tropical, S.A. *

South America

  • Anon. (2009). Annexo III: List of Vegetable Drugs which are Included in the Registry of Long Tradition Phytotherapy Medications (in Agregado VIII Medicamentos Fitoterápicos Proyecto Iname/Anmat). Comité de Armonización de Medicamentos Fitoterápicos, Argentina.
  • Anon. (s.dat.). Farmacopea Argentina (8th edn). Vol. 3. (viewed: 09/09/2012). Ministerio de Salud, s.loc. 1
  • ANVISA (2010). Farmacopeia Brasileira (5th edn),Vol 2. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, Brasilia. 1
  • Barboza, G.E., Cantero, J.J. Nuñez, C., Pacciaroni, A. & Ariza Espinar, L. (2009). Medicinal Plants: A General Review and a Phytochemical and Ethnopharmacological Screening of the Native Argentine Flora. Kurtziana 34 (1-2): 7-365. 1
  • Brandão, M.G.L., Alves, R.M.S., Moreira, R.A., Oliveira, P., Vieira, M.T. & Morerira-Campos, L.M. (2002). Qualidade de Amostras Comerciais de Plantas Medicinais e Produtos Fitoterápicos: Drogas Inscritas na Farmacopéia Brasileira. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais. 5 (1): 56-59. [v13]
  • Brandão, M.G.L., Cosenza, G.P., Assis Moreira, R. & Monte-Mor, R.L.M. (2006). Medicinal Plants and Other Botanical Products from the Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 16 (3): 408-420. 1
  • Brandão, M.G.L., Paula-Souza, J., Grael, C.F.F., Scalon, V., Santos, A.C.P., Salimenha, M.F. & Monte-Mor, R.L.M. (2010). Biodiversidade, Uso Tradicional de Plantas Medicinais e Produção de Fitoterápicos em Minas Gerais. Chapter in Anais do XIV Seminário sobre a Economia Mineira (Proceedings of the 14th Seminar on the Economy of Minas Gerais). Cedeplar, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. [v13]
  • Bussmann, R.W., Paniagua-Zambrana, N., Chamorro, M.R., Moreira N.M., Cuadros Negri, M.LdR. & Olivera, J. (2013). Peril in the Market-Classification and Dosage of Species Used as Anti-Diabetics in Lima, Peru. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 9: 37. [v13]
  • Carvalho, A.C.B., Balbino, E.E., Maciel, A. & Perfeito, J.P.S. (2008). Situação do Registro de Medicamentos Fitoterápicos no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 18(2): 314-319. [v13]
  • Carvalho, A.R. (2004). Popular Use, Chemical Composition and Trade of Cerrado’s Medicinal Plants (Goias, Brazil). Environment, Development and Sustainability. 6: 307-316. [v13]
  • Corroto, F., Gamarra Torresa, O.A. & Macía, M.J. (2019). Different Patterns in Medicinal Plant Use Along an Elevational Gradient in Northern Peruvian Andes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 239: 111924. [v13]
  • Costa Lima, P.G., Coelho–Ferreira, M. & da Silva Santos, R. (2016). Perspectives on Medicinal Plants in Public Markets Across the Amazon: A Review. Economic Botany. 70 (1): 64-78. [v13]
  • Daiany A.R., Souza de Oliveira, L.G., de Macêdo, F.G., Alencar de Menezes, I.R., Martins da Costa, J.G., Pessoa da Silva, M.A., Rodrigues Lacerda, S. & de Almeida Souza, M.M. (2014). Promising Medicinal Plants for Bioprospection in a Cerrado Area of Chapada do Araripe, Northeastern Brazil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 155 (2): 1522-1533. [v13]
  • de Albuquerque, U.P., Monteiro, J.M., Ramos, M.A. & Cavalcanti de Amorim, E.L. (2007). Medicinal and Magic Plants from a Public Market in Northeastern Brazil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 110: 76-91. [v13]
  • Dias Souza, R.K., Pessoa da Silva, M.A., Alencar de Menezes, I.R., Alves Ribeiro, D., Rocha Bezerra, L., & de Almeida Souza, M.M. (2014). Ethnopharmacology of Medicinal Plants of Carrasco, Northeastern Brazil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 157: 99-104. [v13]
  • Duke, J.A. (2009). Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of Latin America. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 1
  • Fátima Agra, M., França de Freitas, P. & Barbosa-Filho, J.M. (2007). Synopsis of the Plants Known as Medicinal and Poisonous in Northeast of Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 17 (1): 114-140. 1
  • Fátima Agra, M., Nurit Silva, K., Lima Diniz Basilio, I.J., França de Freitas, P. & Barbosa-Filho, J.M. (2008). Survey of Medicinal Plants used in the Region Northeast of Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 18 (3): 472-508. 1
  • Giovannini, P. (2015). Medicinal Plants of the Achuar (Jivaro) of Amazonian Ecuador: Ethnobotanical Survey and Comparison with Other Amazonian Pharmacopoeias. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 164 (1): 78-88.
  • Leitão, F., Guimarães Leitão, S., Stern da Fonseca-Kruel, V., Machline Silva, I. & Martins, K. (2014). Medicinal Plants Traded in the Open-Air Markets in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: an Overview on their Botanical Diversity and Toxicological Potential. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 24: 225-247. [v13]
  • Lins Brandão, M.G., Freire, N. & Vianna-Soares, C.D. (1998). Vigilância de Fitoterápicos em Minas Gerais. Verificação da Qualidade de Diferentes Amostras Comerciais de Camomila. Research Note. Cad. Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro. 14 (3): 613-616. [v13]
  • Milliken, W. (2015). Plants for Malaria, Plants for Fever (viewed 16/08/2015 for use in SOTWP 2016). 8
  • Milliken, W. (2021). Plants for Malaria, Plants for Fever (viewed 07/07/2021). 8
  • Monteiro, J.M., de Lima Araújo, E.,Cavalcanti Amorim, E.L. & de Albuquerque, U.P. (2010). Local Markets and Medicinal Plant Commerce: A Review with Emphasis on Brazil. Economic Botany. 64 (4): 352-366. [v13]
  • Mors, W.B., Toledo Rizzini, C. & Alvares Pereira, N. (2000). Medicinal Plants of the World series, No. 6: Medicinal Plants of Brazil. Reference Publications, Algonac. 1 
  • Pessoa da Silva, M., Melo de Barros, R.F. & Moita Neto, J.M. (2015). Farmacopeia Natural de Comunidades Rurais no Estado do Piauí, Nordeste do Brasil. Desenvolv. Meio Ambiente. 33: 193-207. [v13]
  • Revene, Z., Bussmann, R.W. & Sharon, D. (2008). From Sierra to Coast: Tracing the Supply of Medicinal Plants in Northern Peru – A Plant Collector’s Tale. Ethnobotany Research and Applications. 6: 15-22. [v13]
  • Ribeiro Silva, S., Buitron, X., Oliveira, L.H. de & Martins, M.V.M. (2001). Plantas Medicinales de Brasil. Aspectos Generales sobre Legislacion y Comercio. TRAFFIC America del Sur, Quito. 1
  • Sanz-Biset, J., Campos-de-la-Cruz, J., Epiquién-Rivera, M.A. & Cañigueral, S. (2009). A First Survey on the Medicinal Plants of the Chazuta Valley (Peruvian Amazon). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 122: 333-362. 1
  • Scherwinski-Pereira, J.E., Costa, F.H.S., Camillo, J., Silva, D.B., Alves R.B.N. & Vieira, R.F. (2009). Tissue Culture Storage of Brazilian Medicinal Plants Germplasm. Acta Hortic. 860: 211-214. [v13]
  • Silva J.D.A., Nascimento, M.G.P., Grazina, L.G. , Castro, K.N.C., Mayo, S.J. & Andrade I.M. (2015). Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used by the Community of Sobradinho, Luís Correia, Piauí, Brazil. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 9(32): 872-883. [v13]
  • Tene, V. et al. (2007). An Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 111 (1): 63-81.
  • van Andel, T. & Havinga, R. (2008). Sustainability Aspects of Commercial Medicinal Plant Harvesting in Suriname. Forest Ecology and Management. 256: 1540-1545. [v13]
  • van Andel, T., Behari-Ramdas, J., Havinga, R. & Groenendijk, S. (2007). The Medicinal Plant Trade in Suriname. Ethnobotany Research & Applications. 5: 351-372. [v13]

Central Asia

  • Allamurad, A., Babaguly, S., Bazar, H., Atabeg, Y. & Gulyaiym, H. (2016). Endangered, Rare and Endemic Medicinal Plants of the Kopetdag. European Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences. 4: 31-37.
  • Eisenman, S.W., Zaurov, D.E. & Struwe, L. (ed.) (2013). Medicinal Plants of Central Asia: Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Springer, New York. 1
  • Teoh, E.S. (2016). Medicinal Orchids of Asia. Springer, s.loc. 1
  • Mamedov, N., Gardner, Z. & Craker, L.E. (2005). Medicinal Plants Used in Russia and Central Asia for the Treatment of Selected Skin Conditions. Journal of Herbs Spices & Medicinal Plants. 11 (1-2): 191-222. [v13]
  • WHO (2010). WHO Monographs on Medicinal Plants Commonly Used in the Newly Independent States (NIS). WHO, Geneva. 1 [v13]
  • Williams, K. (2012). Medicinal Plants in Tajikistan: An Alternative Livelihood Option. Acta Horticulturae. 954: 109-116.

Eastern Asia

  • Almosnid, N.M., Zhou, X., Jiang, L., Ridings, A., Knott, D., Wang, S., Wei, F., Yuan, J., Altman, E., Gao, Y. & Miao, J. (2018). Evaluation of Extracts Prepared from 16 Plants Used in Yao Ethnomedicine as Potential Anticancer Agents. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 211: 224-234. * [v13]
  • Anon. (2007). Korean Pharmacopoeia (9th edn). Korea Food and Drug Administration, s.loc. 1
  • Anon. (s.dat.). Hong Kong Chinese Materia Medica Standards. Vol. 1-6 (viewed: 01/09/2014).
  • Anon. (2002). The Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia, English edition (8th edn). Korea Food and Drug Administration, s.loc. 1
  • Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission (ed.) (2005). Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China 2005. People's Medical Publishing House, Beijing.1
  • Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission (ed.) (2010). Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China 2010. People's Medical Publishing House, Beijing.
  • Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission (ed.) (2015). Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China 2015, Chinese edition. China Medical Science and Technology Press, Beijing.
  • Committee of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (2006). The Japanese Pharmacopoeia (15th edn), English version (JP XV). Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Tokyo. 1
  • Committee of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (2016-2019). The Japanese Pharmacopoeia (17th edn), English version (JP XVII) (incl. Suppl. I and II). Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Tokyo. 1  [v13]
  • Committee on Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy (2003). Compendium of Medicinal Plants Used by the Indigenous People of Taiwan. Committee on Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, China. * [v13]
  • Eisenberg, D.M., et al. (2011). Developing a Library of Authenticated Traditional Chinese Medicinal (TCM) Plants for Systematic Biological Evaluation: Rationale, Methods and Preliminary Results from a Sino-American Collaboration. Fitoterapia 82:17-33.
  • Hong, L., Guo, Z., Huang, K., Wei, S., Liu, B., Meng, S. & Long, C. (2015). Ethnobotanical Study on Medicinal Plants Used by Maonan People in China. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 11: 32.
  • Howshigan, J., Perera, K., Samita, S. & Rajapakse, P.S. (2015). The Effects of an Ayurvedic Medicinal Toothpaste on Clinical, Microbiological and Oral Hygiene Parameters in Patients with Chronic Gingivitis: a Double-Blind, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Allocation Clinical Trial. Ceylon Medical Journal. 60 (4): 126-132. [v13]
  • Lang, T., Xia, J., Wu, C. & Deng, Q. (2017). Studies on Conservation Technique of Endangered Medicinal Plant Resources in Arid Desert Region. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 19(6): 97-105. *
  • Li, F., Zhuo, J., Liu, B., Jarvis, D. & Long, C. (2015). Ethnobotanical Study on Wild Plants Used by Lhoba People in Milin County, Tibet. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 11: 23. [v13] *
  • Liu, J., Zu, M., Chen, K., Gao, L., Min, H., Zhuo, W., Chen, W. & Liu, A. (2018). Screening of Neuraminidase Inhibitory Activities of Some Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used in Lingnan Chinese Medicines. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 18:102. *
  • Liu, Y., Ahmed, S., Liu, B., Guo, Z., Huang, W., Wu, X., Li, S., Zhou, J., Lei, Q. & Long, C.  (2014). Ethnobotany of Dye Plants in Dong Communities of China. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 10: 23.
  • Liu, Y., Dao, Z., Yang, C., Liu, Y. & Long, C. (2009). Medicinal Plants Used by Tibetans in Shangri-La, Yunnan, China. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 5: 15. *
  • MFDS (2012). Korean Pharmacopoeia (10th edn.). Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), Korea. 1 
  • Committee of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (2012). Japanese Pharmacopoeia (16th edn), English version (JP XVI). Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW), s.loc. 1
  • Mun-Chan, B., Ho-Dzun, H. & Hammer, K. (1986). A Check-list of the Korean Cultivated Plants. Kulturpflanze 34: 69-144. *
  • Stanley-Baker, M. (2022). Polyglot Asian Medicines: Tools and Resources for the Interdisciplinary Study of Asian Medicines (Chinese Dictionary Subset, received August 2022). 11 [v13]
  • Teoh, E.S. (2016). Medicinal Orchids of Asia. Springer, s.loc. 1
  • Wangyal, R., Tidwell, T., Dhondrup, W., Yungdrung, T., Dhondrup, G., He, Q. & Zhang, Y. (2020). Dataset of Materia Medica in Sowa Rigpa: Tibetan Medicine Botanicals and Gawé Dorjé’s Classification System. Data in Brief. 33 (1): 106498.
  • WHO (1997). Medicinal Plants in China: A Selection of 150 Commonly Used Species (WHO Regional Publications, Western Pacific Series No. 2). World Health Organization, Manila. 1
  • Wu, J.-N. (2005). An Illustrated Chinese Materia Medica. Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Yang, L., Ahmed, S., Stepp, J.R., Mi, K., Zhao, Y., Ma, J., Liang, C., Pei, S., Huai, H., Xu, G., Hamilton, A.C., Yang, Z. & Xue, D. (2014). Comparative Homegarden Medical Ethnobotany of Naxi Healers and Farmers in Northwestern Yunnan, China. Journal of Enthnobiology and Ethnomedicine 10: 6. *
  • Zhang, B., Peng, Y., Zhang, Z., Liu, H., Qi, Y., Liu, S. & Xiao, P. (2010). GAP Production of TCM Herbs in China. Planta Medica. 76: 1948-1955. [v13]
  • Zhang, D., Duan, L. & Zhou, N. (2014). Market Survey on Traditional Medicine of the Third Month Fair in Dali Prefecture in Yunnan Province, South West China. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines 11(2): 377–401.
  • Zheng, X.L. et al. (2013). Ethnobotanical Study on Medicinal Plants around Limu Mountains of Hainan Island, China. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 148 (3): 964-974.
  • Zhonghua Bencao Editorial Committee, Chinese State Administration of TCM (ed.) (1998). Zhonghua Bencao (Materia Medica of China). Vols. 1-10. Shanghai Scientific and Technical Press, Shanghai. 1
  • 衛生福利部臺灣中藥典第三版編輯工作小組 (MOHW) (2018). 臺灣中藥典第三版 (Taiwan Herbal Pharmacopoeia 2018, Chinese Version III). 衛生福利部, 臺灣 (MOHW, Taiwan). 1*

South-Eastern Asia

  • Ahmad, K. & Aziz, Z. (2012). Mitragyna speciosa Use in the Northern States of Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 141: 446-450. [v13]
  • Alvarez, Arnold A. (2005-2022). Online Database: Philippine Herbal Medicine. * [v13]
  • Cahyaningsih, R. (2020). Towards a Checklist of Indonesian Medicinal Plants (working dataset compiled as part of “Genetic Conservation and Sustainable Use of Indonesian Medicinal Plants” (PhD in prep. 2021)). The University of Birmingham, UK. 3
  • Caniago, I. & Siebert, S.F. (1998). Medicinal Plant Ecology, Knowledge and Conservation in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Economic Botany. 52 (3): 229-250. 1
  • Carag, H.M. & Buot, I.E. (2017). A Checklist of The Orders and Families of Medicinal Plants in the Philippines. The Technical Journal of Philippine Ecosystems and Natural Resources. 27 (1-2): 49-9. 1 [v13]
  • DeFilipps, R.A. & Krupnick, G.A. (2018). The Medicinal Plants of Myanmar. PhytoKeys. 102: 1-341. * [v13]
  • DKRI (2008). Farmakope Herbal Indonesia (1st edn). Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Indonesia. 1  [v13]
  • DKRI (2010). Farmakope Herbal Indonesia (1st edn). Suplemen 1. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Indonesia. 1  [v13]
  • DKRI (2011). Farmakope Herbal Indonesia (1st edn). Suplemen 2. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Indonesia. 1  [v13]
  • DKRI (2017). Farmakope Herbal Indonesia (2nd edn). Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Indonesia. 1  [v13]
  • Junsongduang, A., Balslev, H., Inta, A., Jampeetong, A. & Wangpakapattanawong, P. (2013). Medicinal Plants from Swidden Fallows and Sacred Forest of the Karen and the Lawa in Thailand. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 9: 44. * [v13]
  • Malaysian Herbal Monograph Committee (1999). Malaysian Herbal Monograph. Vol. 1. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 1
  • Malaysian Herbal Monograph Committee (2009). Malaysian Herbal Monograph. Vol. 2. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 1
  • Malaysian Herbal Monograph Committee (2013). Malaysian Herbal Monograph. Vol. 3. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 1
  • Maneenoon, K., Khuniad, C., Teanuan, Y., Saedan, N., Prom-in, S., Rukleng, N., Kongpool, W., Pinsook, P. & Wongwiwat, W. (2015). Ethnomedicinal Plants Used by Traditional Healers in Phatthalung Province, Peninsular Thailand. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 11: 43. *
  • Myanmar Ministry of Health (ed.) (s.dat.). Medicinal Plants of Myanmar (viewed: 22/10/2008). Ministry of Health, Department of Traditional Medicine, s.loc. 1  [v13]
  • Ngoc Van, D.N. & Tap, N. (2008). An Overview of the Use of Plants and Animals in Traditional Medicine Systems in Viet Nam. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Greater Mekong Programme, Ha Noi, Viet Nam. 1  [v13]
  • Padua, L.S. de, Bunyapraphatsara, N. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (eds.) (1999). Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 1. Backhuys, Leiden (Plants Resources of South-East Asia 12 (1)). 1
  • Rahayu, S.S.B. (2003). Rafflesia R.Br. In: Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 3: 342-344. Backhuys, Leiden (Plant Resources of South-East Asia 12 (3)).
  • Shin, T., Fujikawa, K., Zaw Moe, A. & Uchiyama, H. (2018). Traditional Knowledge of Wild Edible Plants with Special Emphasis on Medicinal Uses in Southern Shan State, Myanmar. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 14 (48). * [v13]
  • Stanley-Baker, M. (2022). Polyglot Asian Medicines: Tools and Resources for the Interdisciplinary Study of Asian Medicines (Abui Dictionary Subset, received August 2022). 11 [v13]
  • Stanley-Baker, M. (2022). Polyglot Asian Medicines: Tools and Resources for the Interdisciplinary Study of Asian Medicines (Malay Dictionary Subset, received August 2022). 11 [v13]
  • Sydara, K., Xayvue, M., Souliya, O., Elkingto, B.G. & Soejarto, D.D. (2014). Inventory of Medicinal Plants of the Lao People's Democratic Republic: A Mini Review. Academic Journals. 8 (43): 1262-1274. [v13]
  • Tangjitman, K., Wongsawad, C., Kamwong, K., Sukkho, T. & Trisonthi, C. (2015). Ethnomedicinal Plants Used for Digestive System Disorders by the Karen of Northern Thailand. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 11:27. * [v13]
  • Teoh, E.S. (2016). Medicinal Orchids of Asia. Springer, s.loc. 1
  • Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. van & Bunyapraphatsara, N.(eds.) (1999). Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 2 (Plants Resources of South-East Asia 12 (2)). Backhuys, Leiden. 1
  • WHO (1990). Medicinal plants in Viet Nam (WHO Regional Publications, Western Pacific Series No. 3). World Health Organization, Manila. 1
  • WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia (2011). Traditional Herbal Remedies for Primary Health Care. World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia.

Southern Asia

  • Ahmad, M., Sultana, S., Fazl-I-Hadi, S., Ben Hadda, T., Rashid, S., Zafar, M., Khan, M.A., Khan, M.P. & Yaseen, G. (2014). An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants in High Mountainous Region of Chail Valley (District Swat- Pakistan). Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 10: 36. 2
  • Ali, H., Sannai, J., Sher, H. & Rashid, A. (2011). Ethnobotanical Profile of Some Plant Resources in Malam Jabba Valley of Swat, Pakistan. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 5 (17): 4171-4180. 10  [v13]
  • Ali, K., Khan, N., Rahman, I.-U., Khan, W., Ali, M., Uddin, N. & Nisar, M. (2018). The Ethnobotanical Domain of the Swat Valley, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 14: 39. 10  [v13]
  • Anon. (2006). Monograph on Medicinal Plants of Bhutan. Vol. 1. Institute of Traditional Medicine Services, Thimphu. 1
  • Anon. (2009). Monograph on Medicinal Plants of Bhutan. Vol. 2. Institute of Traditional Medicine Services, Thimphu. 1
  • Anon. (1999-2011). The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I. Vol. 1-7 (1st edn). Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi. 1
  • Anon. (2007-2008). The Unani Pharmacopoeia of India. Vol. 1-5. Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi. 1
  • Ashfaq, S., Ahmad, M., Zafar, M., Sultana, S., Bahadur, S. & Abbas, N. (2019). Medicinal Plant Biodiversity Used Among the Rural Communities of Arid Regions of Northern Punjab, Pakistan. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 18(2): 226-241. 2
  • Bano, A., Ahmad, M., Ben Hadda, T., Saboor, A., Sultana, S., Zafar, M., Khan, M.P., Arshad, M. & Ashraf, M.A. (2014). Quantitative Ethnomedicinal Study of Plants Used in the Skardu Valley at High Altitude of Karakoram-Himalayan Range, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 10: 43. 2
  • Bhatt, D., Kumar, R., Joshi, G.C. & Tewari L.M. (2013). Indigenous Uses of Medicinal Plants by the Vanraji Tribes of Kumaun Himalaya, India. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 7 (37): 2747-2754. [v13]
  • Bhattarai, S. & Tamang, R. (2017). Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: A Synopsis of Makawanpur District, Central Nepal. International Journal of Indigenous Medicinal Herbs and Drugs. 2 (3): 6-15.
  • Bibi, T., Ahmad, M., Bakhsh Tareen, R., Mohammad Tareen, N., Jabeen, R., Rehman, S.U., Sultana, S., Zafar, M. & Yaseen, G. (2014). Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants in District Mastung of Balochistan Province- Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 157: 79-89. 2
  • Bibi, T., Ahmad, M., Edwards, S.E., Tareen, N.M., Jabeen, R. & Abdullah, I. (2016). Ethnomedicinal Uses of Plants in the Treatment of Paediatric Geohelminth Infections in Kalat District of Northern Balochistan, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 183: 176-186. 2
  • Bilal, H., Sher, H., Li, X. & Quraishi, R. (2020). Ecological Footprint and Sustainability Aspects of Commercially Harvested Non-Timber Forest Products (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants) in Hindu Kush Himalayan Region of Swat Pakistan. PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square. 10  [v13]
  • Borah, D., Tangjang, S., Prasad Das, A., Upadhaya, A. & Mipun, P. (2020). Assessment of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Behali Reserve Forest, Assam, Northeast India (supplementary data received 26/06/2020). Ethnobotany Research & Applications 19: 43. 7
  • Butt, M.A., Ahmad, M., Fatima, A., Sultana, S., Zafar, M., Yaseen, G., Ashraf, M.A., Shinwari, Z.K. & Kayani, S. (2015). Ethnomedicinal Uses of Plants for the Treatment of Snake and Scorpion Bite in Northern Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 168: 164-81. 2
  • Dixie, G.B.R., Syed, A. & Hussain, M.J. (2003). Medicinal Plant Marketing in Bangladesh. The South Asia Enterprise Development Facility (SEDF) and Intercooperation (IC). *
  • Farooq, U., Abaas, G., Saggoo, M.I.S. & Dar, M.A. (2014). Ethno Botany of Some Selected Monochlamydeae Plant Species from the Kashmir Himalaya, India. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 8 (23): 834-839. [v13]
  • Faruque, M.O., Feng, G., Khan, M.N.A., Barlow, J.W., Ankhi, U.R., Hu, S., Kamaruzzaman, M., Uddin, S.B. & Hu, X. (2019). Qualitative and Quantitative Ethnobotanical Study of the Pangkhua Community in Bilaichari Upazilla, Rangamati District, Bangladesh. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 15: 8. *
  • Fatima, A., Ahmad, M., Zafar, M., Yaseen, G., Pukhtoon Zada Khan, M., Akram Butt, M., Sultana, S. (2018). Ethnopharmacological Relevance of Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Oral Diseases in Central Punjab-Pakistan. Journal of Herbal Medicine. 12: 88-110. 2
  • Ghani, A., Mustafa, I., Ali, Z., Ishtiaq, M., Ahmed, I. & Hasan, N. (2014). Ethno-Medicinal Survey of Plants of Soon Valley, Khushab District, Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 8 (32): 1031-1034. [v13]
  • Government of India, Department of Health. (1946). The Indian Pharmacopoeial List 1946. Government of India Press, Calcutta, India. [v13]
  • Habib-Ul-Hassan, Murad, W., Ahmad, N., Tariq, A., Khan, I., Akhtar, N. & Jan, S. (2015). Indigenous Uses of the Plants of Malakand Valley, District Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research. 21 (1): 83-99. 10  [v13]
  • Hamayun, M., Khan, M.A. & Begum, S. (2003). Marketing of Medicinal Plants of Utror-Gabral Valleys, Swat, Pakistan. Ethnobotanical Leaflets. 1: 13.
  • Hamayun, M., Khan, S.A., Sohn, E.Y. & Lee, I-J. (2006). Folk Medicinal Knowledge and Conservation Status of Some Economically Valued Medicinal Plants of District Swat, Pakistan. Lyonia. 11 (2): 101-113. [v13]
  • Hussain, F., Islam, M. & Zaman, A. (2006). Ethnobotanical Profile of Plants of Shawar Valley, District Swat, Pakistan. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology. 3 (2): 301-307. 10  [v13]
  • Ijaz, F., Iqbal, Z., Rahman, I.U., Alam, J., Khan, S.M., Shah, G.M., Khan, K. & Afzal, A. (2016). Investigation of Traditional Medicinal Floral Knowledge of Sarban Hills, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179: 208-233.
  • Islam, M., Ahmad, H., Rashid, A., Razzaq, A., Akhtar, N. & Khan, I. (2006). Weeds and Medicinal Plants of Shawar Valley, District Swat. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research. 12 (1-2): 83-88. 10  [v13]
  • Jayatissa, L.P. & Samarasuriya, K. (2016). Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants of Sri Lanka (viewed October 2016). University of Ruhuna and Barberyn Ayurveda Resorts.
  • Kabir, M.H., Hasan, N., Rahman, M.M., Rahman, M.A., Khan, J.A., Hoque, N.T., Bhuiyan, M.R.Q., Mou, S.M., Jahan, R., & Rahmatullah, M. (2014). A Survey of Medicinal Plants Used by the Deb Barma Clan of the Tripura Tribe of Moulvibazar District, Bangladesh. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 10: 19. *
  • Kankanamalage, T.N.M., Dharmadasa, R.M., Abeysinghe, D.C. & Wijesekara, R.G.S. (2014). A Survey on Medicinal Materials Used in Traditional Systems of Medicine in Sri Lanka. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 155 (1): 679-691. [v13]
  • Kassam, K., Karamkhudoeva, M., Ruelle, M. & Baumflek, M. (2010). Medicinal Plant Use and Health Sovereignty: Findings from the Tajik and Afghan Pamirs. Human Ecology. 38: 817-829. [v13]
  • Kayang, H., Kharbuli, B., Myrboh, B. & Syiem, D. (2005). Medicinal Plants of Khasi Hills of Meghalaya, India. Proc. WOCMAP III, Vol. 1: Bioprospecting & Ethnopharmacology Eds. Bernáth, J., Németh, É., Craker, L.E. & Gardner, Z.E. (2005). Acta Horticulturae. 675, ISHS. [v13]
  • Kayani, S., Ahmad, M., Sultana, S., Khan Shinwari, Z., Zafar, M., Yaseen, G., Hussain, M. & Bibi, T. (2015). Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants Among the Communities of Alpine and Sub-Alpine Regions of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 164: 186-202. 2
  • Kayani, S., Ahmad, M., Zafar, M., Sultana, S., Khan, M.P., Ashraf, M.A., Hussain, J. & Yaseen, G. (2014). Ethnobotanical Uses of Medicinal Plants for Respiratory Disorders Among the Inhabitants of Gallies - Abbottabad, Northern Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 156: 47-60. 2
  • Khan, M.A., Islam, M.K., Siraj, M.A., Saha, S., Barman, A.K., Awang, K., Rahman, M.M., Shilpi, J.A., Jahan, R., Islam, E. & and Rahmatullah, M. (2015). Ethnomedicinal Survey of Various Communities Residing in Garo Hills of Durgapur, Bangladesh. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 11: 44. *
  • Khan, M.P.Z., Ahmad, M., Zafar, M., Sultana, S., Ali, M.I., & Sun, H. (2015). Ethnomedicinal Uses of Edible Wild Fruits (EWFs) in Swat Valley, Northern Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 173: 191-203. 10  [v13]
  • Khan, S.M., Ud Din, N., Ilyas, M., Sohail, Ur Rahman I., Ijaz, F., Iqbal, Z. & Ali, Z. (2015). Ethnobotanical Study of Some Medicinal Plants of Tehsil Kabal, District Swat, KP, Pakistan. Med Aromat Plants. 4 (3). 10  [v13]
  • Khan, W.M., Shah, S.Z. & Khan, M.S. (2016). Ethnobotanical Relevance of the Weed Flora of Tall Dardyal, Tehsil Kabal, District Swat, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research. 22 (1): 125-145. 10  [v13]
  • Khan, W.S., Shah, S.Z., Khan, M.S. & Akhtar, N. (2020). Evaluation of Indigenous Knowledge of Medicinal Plants from Tall Dardyal Hills, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Journal of Herbal Medicine. 20: 100314. 10  [v13]
  • Khare, C.P. (2007). Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary. Springer, New York. [v13]
  • Kumar, M. & Bhatt, V. (2006). Plant Biodiversity and Conservation of Forests in Foot Hills of Garhwal Himalaya. Lyonia. 11 (2): 43-59. [v13]
  • Kunwar, R.M., Mahat, L., Acharya, R.P. & Bussmann, R.W. (2013). Medicinal Plants, Traditional Medicine, Markets and Management in Far-West Nepal. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 9: 24. [v13]
  • Kuruppuarachchi, K.A.L.A. & Hapangama, A. (2008). Use of Herbal Medications Amoung Out-Patients in a Psychiatry Clinic in Sri Lanka. International Psychiatry. 5 (3): 73-75. [v13]
  • Latif, A., Shinwari, Z.K., Hussain, J. & Murtaza, S. (2006). NTFPS: An Alternative to Forest Logging in Minadam and Sultanar Valley Swat. Lyonia. 11 (2): 15-21. 10  [v13]
  • Lone, P.A., Bhardwaj, A.K., Shah, K.W. &. Tabasum, S. (2014). Ethnobotanical Survey of Some Threatened Medicinal Plants of Kashmir Himalaya, India. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 8 (47): 1362-1373. [v13]
  • Majid, A., Ahmad, H.,Saqib, Z., Rahman, I.U., Khan, U., Alam, J., Shah, A.H., Jan, S.A. & Ali, N. (2019). Exploring Threatened Traditional Knowledge. Ethnomedicinal Studies of Rare Endemic Flora From Lesser Himalayan Region of Pakistan. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 29 (6): 785-792. 10  [v13]
  • Malik, K., Ahmad, M., Zhang, G., Neelam, R., Zafar, M., Sultana, S. & Nasar Shah, S. (2018). Traditional Plant-Based Medicines Used to Treat Musculoskeletal Disorders in Northern Pakistan. European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 19: 17-64. 2
  • Manandhar, N.P. (2002). Plants and People of Nepal. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 1
  • Marwat, S.K., Rehman, F., Khan, E.A., Khakwani, A.A., Ullah, I., Khan, K.U. & Khan, I.U. (2014). Useful Ethnophytomedicinal Recipes of Angiosperms Used Against Diabetes in South East Asian Countries (India, Pakistan & Sri Lanka). Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 27 (5): 1333-1358. [v13]
  • Medagama, A.B., Bandara, R., Abeysekera, R.A., Imbulpitiya, B. & Pushpakumari, T. (2014). Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicines (CAMs) Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Sri Lanka: a Cross Sectional Survey. Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 14: 374. [v13]
  • Mosaddegha, M., Naghibi, F., Moazzeni, H., Pirani, A. & Esmaeili, S. (2012). Ethnobotanical Survey of Herbal Remedies Traditionally Used in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad Province of Iran. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 141 (1): 80-95.
  • Napagoda, M.T., Shamila Malkanthi, B.M.A., Abayawardana, S.A.K., Qader, M.M. & Jayasinghe, L. (2016). Photoprotective Potential in Some Medicinal Plants used to Treat Skin Diseases in Sri Lanka. Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 16: 479. [v13]
  • Nasir, S., Ahmed, J. & Asrar M. (2014). Medicinal Plants: a Promising Resource for Poverty Alleviation in the Milieu of Swat. Journal of Biology. 4 (2): 237-245. 10  [v13]
  • Nawab, J., Khan, S., Shah, M.T., Qamar, Z., Din, I., Mahmood, Q., Gul, N. & Huang, Q. (2015). Contamination of Soil, Medicinal, and Fodder Plants with Lead and Cadmium Present in Mine-Affected Areas, Northern Pakistan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 187: 605. 10  [v13]
  • Nazish Rehman, M., Ahmad, M., Sultana, S., Zafar, M. & Edwards, S. (2017). Relative Popularity Level of Medicinal Plants in Talagang, Punjab Province, Pakistan. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 27(6): 751-775. 2
  • Navchoo, I.A. & Buth, G.M. (1992). Ethnobotany of Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir State. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany. Additional Series 10: 251-258.
  • Ocvirk, S., Kistler, M., Khan S., Talukder, S.H., & Hauner, H. (2013). Traditional Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Diabetes in Rural and Urban Areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh – An Ethnobotanical Survey. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 9: 43. *
  • Rahimi, R. & Bahramsoltani, R. (2018). Traditional Persian Medicinal Plants Database. Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 5
  • Ram, A., Duraisamy, A.J., Selvakumar, B. & Singh, V.P. (2009). Medicinal Plants from Siddha System of Medicine Useful for Treating Respiratory Diseases. International Journal of Pharmaceuticals Analysis. 1 (2): 20-30. [v13]
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  • Rao, A.N. (2004). Medicinal Orchid Wealth of Arunachal Pradesh. Indian Medicinal Plants of Conservation Concern (Newsletter of ENVIS Node, Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions, Bangalore) 1(2): 1-5.
  • Rawal, D.S., Sijapati, J., Rana, N., Rana, P., Giri, A. & Shrestha, S. (2009). Some High Value Medicinal Plants of Khumbu Region Nepal. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology. 10: 73-82. [v13]
  • Razzaq, A., Hadi, F., Rashid, A., Ibrar, M. & Ali, U. (2015). Exploration of Medicinal Plants and Their Conservation Status at Higher Altitude of District Shangla, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences. 15 (3): 328-331. 10  [v13]
  • Sadegh Amiri, M. & Reza Joharchi, M. (2013). Ethnobotanical Investigation of Traditional Medicinal Plants Commercialized in the Markets of Mashhad, Iran. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine. 3 (3): 254-271. [v13]
  • Samarasuriya, K.S. & Jayatissa, L.P. (2020). Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants of Sri Lanka Compendium (data received 15/07/2020). Barberyn Ayurveda Resorts and The University of Ruhuna, Department of Botany, Sri Lanka.
  • Sarwat, Shinwari, Z.K. & Ahmad, N. (2012). Screening of Potential Medicinal Plants from District Sawat Specific for Controlling Women Diseases. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 44 (4): 1193-1198. 10  [v13]
  • Shad, A.A., Shah, H.U. & Bakht J. (2013). Ethnobotanical Assessment and Nutritive Potential of Wild Food Plants. JAPS, Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 23 (1): 92-99. 10  [v13]
  • Sher, H., Aldosari, A., Ali, A. & Boer, H.J. (2014). Economic Benefits of High Value Medicinal Plants to Pakistani Communities: An Analysis of Current Practice and Potential. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 10: 71.
  • Sher, H. & Al Yemeni, M. (2011). Economically and Ecologically Important Plant Communities in High Altitude Coniferous Forest of Malam Jabba, Swat, Pakistan. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 18 (1): 53-61. 10  [v13]
  • Sher, H. & Hussain, F. (2009). Ethnobotanical Evaluation of Some Plant Resources in Northern Part of Pakistan. African Journal of Biotechnology. 8 (17): 4066-4076. 10  [v13]
  • Sher, H., Bussmann, R.W. & Hart, R. (2017). Promoting Sustainable Use of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Livelihood Improvement and Biodiversity Conservation under Global Climate Change, through Capacity Building in the Himalaya Mountains, Swat District, Pakistan. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 102 (2): 309-315. 10  [v13]
  • Siddha Pharmacopoeia Committee (2008). The Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India. Vol. 1. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, s.loc. 1
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  • Soelberg, J. (2016). Useful plants of Wakhan and Pamir - نباتات سودمند واخان و پامیر. (Names retrieved from database relating to the 2nd edn. Jens Soelberg (self published)), Kabul. 6
  • Sundaraghavan, R.S. & Singh, N.P. (1984). An Inventory of Endemic and Vulnerable Species of Western India Deserving Conservation. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany. 5 (1): 153-164.
  • Suryanarayana Raju, M. (2001). Vegetable Drugs in Basavarajeeyam. Ancient Science of Life. 10. [v13]
  • TDU (ed.) (2020). Indian Medicinal Plants Database (data received 18/12/2020). The University of Transdisciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, India.
  • Teoh, E.S. (2016). Medicinal Orchids of Asia. Springer, s.loc. 1
  • Ved, D.K. & Goraya, G.S. (2008). Demand and Supply of Medicinal Plants in India. FRLHT, Bangalore. 1
  • Ved, D.K. & Goraya, G.S. (2017). Medicinal Plants in India: An Assessment of their Demand and Supply. ICFRE and NMPB, New Delhi.
  • Wijesinghe, W., Pilapitiya, S., Hettiarchchi, P., Wijerathne, B. & Siribaddana, S. (2017). Regulation of Herbal Medicine Use Based on Speculation? A Case from Sri Lanka. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 7 (2): 269-271. [v13]
  • Yousufzai, S.A., Khan, N., Wahab, M. & Ajaib, K. (2010). Ethnomedicinal Study of Marghazar Valley, Pakistan. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology. 7 (4): 409-416. 10  [v13]
  • Zeb, A., Khan, M.S. & Ahmad, H. (2013). Wild Plants of the Dughalgay Valley District Swat, Pakistan; Traditional Use and Marketing. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture. 25 (10). 10  [v13]

Western Asia

  • Aati, H., El-Gamal, A., Shaheen, H. & Kayser, O. (2019). Traditional Use of Ethnomedicinal Native Plants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 15 (2). * [v13]
  • Abu-Irmaileh, B.E. & Afifib, F.U. (2003). Herbal Medicine in Jordan with Special Emphasis on Commonly Used Herbs. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 89: 193-197. [v13]
  • Alachkar, A., Jaddouh, A., Elsheikh, M.S., Bilia, A.R. & Vincieri, F.F. (2011). Traditional Medicine in Syria: Folk Medicine in Aleppo Governorate. Natural Product Communications. 6 (1): 79-84. [v13]
  • Al-Douri, N.A. (2000). A Survey of Medicinal Plants and their Traditional Uses in Iraq. Pharmaceutical Biology. 38 (1): 74-79. *
  • Ali-Shtayeh, M.S., Jamous, R.M. & Abu-Zeitoun, S.Y. (2014). National List of Medicinal Plants in Palestine - West Bank and Gaza Strip. Biodiversity and Environmental Research Center (BERC), Til, Nablus. [v13]
  • Ali-Shtayeh, M.S., Yaniv, Z. & Mahajna, J. (2000). Ethnobotanical Survey in the Palestinian Area: a Classification of the Healing Potential of Medicinal Plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 73: 221-232. [v13]
  • Al-Quran, S. (2015). Ethnobotany of Analgesic/ Stimulant Plants Used by the Inhabitants of Ajloun, Northern Jordan. Arnaldoa. 22 (1): 49-58. [v13]
  • Alqethami, A., Hawkins, J.A. & Teixidor-Toneu, I. (2017). Medicinal Plants Used by Women in Mecca. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 13 (62). Urban, Muslim and Gendered Knowledge. *
  • Dafnia, A., Yaniv, Z. & Palevitc, D. (1984). Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in Northern Israel. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 10: 296-310. [v13]
  • Della, A., Paraskeva-Hadjichambi, D. & Hadjichambis, A. (2006). An Ethnobotanical Survey of Wild Edible Plants of Paphos and Larnaca Countryside of Cyprus. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2: 34. 4
  • El-Ghazali, G.E., Al-Khalifa, K.S., Saleem, G.A. & Abdallah, E.M. (2010). Traditional Medicinal Plants Indigenous to Al-Rass Province, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 4 (24): 2680-2683. *
  • Fleurentin, J. & Pelt, J. (1982). Repertory of Drugs and Medicinal Plants of Yemen. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 6 (1): 85-108. 1
  • Ghazanfar, S.A. (1994). Handbook of Arabian Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boco Raton. *
  • Ginovyan, M.M. & Trchounian, A.H. (2017). Screening of Some Plant Materials Used in Armenian Traditional Medicine for their Antimicrobial Activity. Proceedings of the Yerevan State University, Chemistry and Biology. 51 (1): 44-53.
  • Gonzalez-Tejero, M.R., Casares-Porcel, M., Sanchez-Rojas, C.P., Ramiro-Gutierrez, J.M., Molero-Mesa, J., Pieroni, A., Giusti, M.E., Censorii, E., de Pasquale, C., Della, A., Paraskeva-Hadijchambi, D., Hadjichambis, A., Houmani, Z., El-Demerdash, M., El-Zayatf, M., Hmamouchi, M. & ElJohrig, S. (2008). Medicinal Plants in the Mediterranean Area: Synthesis of the Results of the Project Rubia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 116: 341-357. 4
  • Hadjichambis, A., Paraskeva-Hadjichambi, D., Della, A., Giusti, M.E., de Pasquale, C., Lenzarini, C., Censorii, E., Gonzales-Tejero, M.R., Sanchez-Rojas, C.P., Ramiro-Gutierrez, J.M., Skoula, M., Johnson, C., Sarpaki, A., Hmamouchi, M., Jorhi, S., El-Demerdash, M., El-Zayat, M. & Pieroni, A. (2009). Wild and Semi-Domesticated Food Plant Consumption in Seven Circum-Mediterranean Areas. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 59 (5): 383-414. 4
  • Health Authority - Abu Dhabi (ed.) (2005). Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants of UAE. Vol. 1. Zayed Complex for Herbal Research and Traditional Medicine (ZCHRTM), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
  • Ibadullayeva, S.J. (2020). Ethnobotany of Local Used Medicinal Plants in Azerbaijan Republic. Journal of Medicine and Biology. 2 (2): 72-81. *
  • Karousou, R. & Deirmentzoglou, S. (2011). The Herbal Market of Cyprus: Traditional Links and Cultural Exchanges. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 133: 191-203. 4
  • Khoury, M., Stien, D., Eparvier, V., Ouaini, N. & El Beyrouthy, M. (2016). Report on the Medicinal Use of Eleven Lamiaceae Species in Lebanon and Rationalization of Their Antimicrobial Potential by Examination of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Their Essential Oils. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2016: 2547169. [v13]
  • Lange, D. (1998). Europe's Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Their Use, Trade and Conservation. Traffic International, Cambridge, UK. [includes Turkey] 1
  • Lardos, A. (2016). Historical Iatrosophia Texts and Modern Plant Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012. Lardos, A. PhD outreach booklet, UCL School of Pharmacy, London. 4
  • Lardos, A. & Heinrich, M. (2013). Continuity and Change in Medicinal Plant Use: The Example of Monasteries on Cyprus and Historical Iatrosophia Texts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 150: 202-214. 4
  • Lev, E. & Amar, Z. (2000). Ethnopharmacological Survey of Traditional Drugs Sold in Israel at the End of the 20th Century. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 72 (1): 191-205.
  • Lev, E. & Amar, Z. (2002). Ethnopharmacological Survey of Traditional Drugs Sold in the Kingdom of Jordan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 82 (2): 131-145.
  • Lev, E. (2006). Ethno-Diversity Within Current Ethno-Pharmacology as Part of Israeli Traditional Medicine – A Review. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2 (4). [v13]
  • Mati, E. & Boer, H. de (2011). Ethnobotany and Trade of Medicinal Plants in the Qaysari Market, Kurdish Autonomous Region, Iraq. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 133 (2): 490-510.
  • Miller, J.S., McCue, K., Consiglio, T. & Stone, J. (2005). Endemic Medicinal Plants of Georgia. Missouri Garden Botanical Press, Missouri, USA. 1
  • Nawash, O.S., Al-Assaf, A., El-Oqlah, A. & Omari, M. (2014). Floristic Features, Distribution, and Ethnobotany of Plants Gathered and Used by Local People from the Mediterranean Forest in Northern Jordan. Ethnobotany Research & Applications. 12: 385-396. [v13]
  • Oran, S.A. & Ali-Eisawi, D.M. (1998). Check-list of Medicinal Plants in Jordan. Dirasat. Medical and Biological Sciences, Jordan. 25: 84-112. 1
  • Özhatay, N., Koyuncu, M., Atay, S. & Byfield, A. (1997). The Wild Medicinal Plant Trade in Turkey. Doǧal Hayatı Koruma Derneǧi, Istanbul. 1
  • Said, O., Khalil, K., Fulder, S. & Azaizeh, H. (2002). Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Herbs in Israel, the Golan Heights and the West Bank Region. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 83: 251-265. 1
  • Teoh, E.S. (2016). Medicinal Orchids of Asia. Springer, s.loc. 1
  • Toksoy, D., Bayramoglu, M. & Hacisalihoglu, S. (2010). Usage and the Economic Potential of the Medicinal Plants in Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. Journal of Environmental Biology. 31(5): 623-628. [v13]
  • WHO (2010). WHO Monographs on Medicinal Plants Commonly Used in the Newly Independent States (NIS). WHO, Geneva. 1  [v13]

Europe

  • Anon. (2000). Les Plantes Médicinales de la Pharmacopée (Liste A). Société Française d'Ethnopharmacologie, s.loc.
  • Benítez, G., González-Tejero, M.R. & Molero-Mesa, J. (2010). Pharmaceutical Ethnobotany in the Western Part of Granada Province (Southern Spain): Ethnopharmacological Synthesis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 129: 87-105. [v13]
  • Bourgou, S., Ben Haj Jilani, I., Karous, O., Megdiche-Ksouri, W., Ghrabi-Gammar, Z., Libiad, M., Khabbach, A., El Haissoufi, M., Lamchouri, F., Greveniotis, V., et al. (2021). Medicinal-Cosmetic Potential of the Local Endemic Plants of Crete (Greece), Northern Morocco and Tunisia: Priorities for Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Neglected and Underutilized Phytogenetic Resources. List of Crete (Greece). Biology. 10 (1344). [v13]
  • British Pharmacopoeia Commission (2008). British Pharmacopoeia 2009, Vol. 4. The Stationery Office, London. 1
  • British Pharmacopoeia Commission (2011). British Pharmacopoeia 2012, Vol. 4. The Stationery Office, London.
  • British Pharmacopoeia Commission (2014). British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4. The Stationery Office, London.
  • EDQM (ed.) (2007). European Pharmacopoeia. Vol. 1-2 (6th edn). European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Health Care (EDQM). Council of Europe, Strasbourg. 1
  • EDQM (ed.) (2012). European Pharmacopoeia. (7.8 edn). European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Health Care (EDQM). Council of Europe, Strasbourg. 1
  • EMA (2005-2013). Community Herbal Monographs (Selected Final Versions Adopted Between 2006 and 2014). European Medicines Agency (EMA)/The Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC).
  • Gonzalez-Tejero, M.R., Casares-Porcel, M., Sanchez-Rojas, C.P., Ramiro-Gutierrez, J.M., Molero-Mesa, J., Pieroni, A., Giusti, M.E., Censorii, E., de Pasquale, C., Della, A., Paraskeva-Hadijchambi, D., Hadjichambis, A., Houmani, Z., El-Demerdash, M., El-Zayatf, M., Hmamouchi, M. & ElJohrig, S. (2008). Medicinal Plants in the Mediterranean Area: Synthesis of the Results of the Project Rubia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 116: 341-357. 4
  • Hadjichambis, A., Paraskeva-Hadjichambi, D., Della, A., Giusti, M.E., de Pasquale, C., Lenzarini, C., Censorii, E., Gonzales-Tejero, M.R., Sanchez-Rojas, C.P., Ramiro-Gutierrez, J.M., Skoula, M., Johnson, C., Sarpaki, A., Hmamouchi, M., Jorhi, S., El-Demerdash, M., El-Zayat, M. & Pieroni, A. (2009). Wild and Semi-Domesticated Food Plant Consumption in Seven Circum-Mediterranean Areas. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 59 (5): 383-414. 4
  • Hänsel, R. et al. (1992-1998). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. Vol. 1-5 (5th edn). s.loc. 1
  • Jernigan, K.A., Belichenko, O.S., Kolosova, V.B. & Orr, D.J. (2017). Naukan Ethnobotany in Post-Soviet Times: Lost Edibles and New Medicinals. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 13: 61. * [v13]
  • Kommission E (1984-1994). Liste der Monographien der E-Kommission: Approved Status (viewed 01/03/2016). E-Kommission. 
  • Kommission E (1984-1994). Liste der Monographien der E-Kommission: Unapproved Status (viewed 01/03/2016). E-Kommission. 
  • Lange, D. (1998). Europe's Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Their Use, Trade and Conservation. Traffic International, Cambridge, UK. 1
  • Maggia, F., Ferrettib, G., Pocceschic, N., Menghinid, L. & Ricciutelli, M. (2004). Morphological, Histochemical and Phytochemical Investigation of the Genus Hypericum of the Central Italy. Fitoterapia. 75: 702-711. [v13]
  • Mamedov, N., Gardner, Z. & Craker, L.E. (2005). Medicinal Plants Used in Russia and Central Asia for the Treatment of Selected Skin Conditions. Journal of Herbs Spices & Medicinal Plants. 11 (1-2): 191-222. [v13]
  • RBG, Kew (ed.) (2020). Ethnomedica: Researching the Herbal Traditions of Britain (Database archive of collected oral history herbal remedies). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London. [v13]
  • Rigat, M., Bonet, M.Á., Garcia, S., Garnatje, T. & Vallès, J. (2007). Studies on Pharmaceutical Ethnobotany in the High River Ter Valley (Pyrenees, Catalonia, Iberian Peninsula). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 113 (2): 267-277.
  • Shikov et al. (2014). Medicinal Plants of the Russian Pharmacopoeia: Their History and Applications. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 154 (3): 481-536.
  • Stevanovic, Z.D. (2011). Herbal Sector of Serbia: General Overview. In Proceedings of 2011 Herba Lso. [v13]
  • Stryamets, N., Elbakidze, M., Ceuterick, M., Angelstam, P. & Axelsson, R. (2015). From Economic Survival to Recreation: Contemporary Uses of Wild Food and Medicine in Rural Sweden, Ukraine and NW Russia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 7 (1): 1-93. *
  • Swissmedic (ed.) (2006). Pharmacopoeia Helvetica: Deutsche Ausgabe (10th edn). Swissmedic, Bern. 1
  • THIE (2021). THIE Inventory List of Herbals Considered as Food (Former EHIA Document). Tea and Herbal Infusions Europe (THIE). 9
  • WHO (2010). WHO Monographs on Medicinal Plants Commonly Used in the Newly Independent States (NIS). WHO, Geneva. 1  [v13]
  • Zlatković, B.K., Bogosavljević, S.S., Radivojević, A.R. & Pavlović, M.A. (2014). Traditional Use of the Native Medicinal Plant Resource of Mt. Rtanj (Eastern Serbia): Ethnobotanical Evaluation and Comparison. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 151.1 (2014): 704-713

Oceania

  • WHO. (1998). Medicinal Plants in the South Pacific: Information on 102 Commonly Used Medicinal Plants in the South Pacific. World Health Organization, Manila (WHO Regional Publications Western Pacific Series No. 19).1
  • Barr, A., Chapman, J., Smith, N., Wightman, G. et al. (eds.) (1993). Traditional Aboriginal Medicines in the Northern Territory of Australia by Aboriginal Communities of the Northern Territory. Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory, Darwin.1
  • Cambie, R.C. & Ash, J. (1994). Fijian Medicinal Plants. CSIRO, s.loc.1
  • Hansen, V. & Horsfall, J. (2016). Noongar Bush Medicine: Medicinal Plants of the South-West of Western Australia. UWA Publishing, Perth, Australia.
  • Packer, J. et al. (2012). An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by the Yaegl Aboriginal Community in Northern New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 139 (1): 244-255.
  • Padua, L.S. de, Bunyapraphatsara, N. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (ed.) (1999). Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 12 (1): Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 1. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.
  • Therapeutic Goods Administration (ed.) (2007). Substances that May be Used in Listed Medicines in Australia. Therapeutic Goods Administration, Symonston. 1
  • Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. van & Bunyapraphatsara, N. (eds.) (1999). Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 2 (Plants Resources of South-East Asia 12 (2)). Backhuys, Leiden. . Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.

Global/General

  • AHPA (2013). Section 5: Commonly Traded CITES-Listed Species in Primer on Importing & Exporting CITES-Listed Species Used in the United States in Dietary Supplements, Traditional Herbal Medicines, and Homeopathic Products (viewed 05/09/2015). American Herbal Products Association (AHPA).
  • Barnes, J., Anderson, L.A. & Phillipson, J.D. (2007). Herbal Medicines (3rd edn). Pharmaceutical Press, London, UK.
  • Booker, A., Johnstona, D. & Heinrich, M. (2012). Value Chains of Herbal Medicines—Research Needs and Key Challenges in the Context of Ethnopharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 140: 624-633. [v13]
  • Brinkmann, J. et al. (2009). Medicinal Plants and Extracts Market News Service (MNS).
  • Brinckmann, J.A. (2015). Geographical Indications for Medicinal Plants: Globalization, Climate Change, Quality and Market Implications for Geo-Authentic Botanicals. Modern Research on Chinese Materia Medica. 1 (1): 1-8. [v13]
  • Desire, O. et al. (2010). Antispasmodic and Antioxidant Activities of Fractions and Bioactive Constituent Davidigenin Isolated from Mascarenhasia arborescens. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 130 (2): 320-328. #
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black, N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro, C., Carretero, J., Eastwood, R., Hargreaves, S., Hudson, A., Milliken, W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R. & Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. [v13]
  • Ghiorghiță, G., Maftei, D.I. & Maftei, D-E. (2015). Rhodiola rosea L. – A Valuable Plant for Traditional and for the Modern Medicine. Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii Al. I. Cuza Iaşi s. II a. Biologie Vegetală. 61 (1-2): 5-25. [v13]
  • Hamilton, A.C. (2004). Medicinal Plants, Conservation and Livelihoods. Biodiversity and Conservation. 13: 1477-1517. [v13]
  • ISO (2009). ISO 4720:2009. Essential oils -- Nomenclature (in English and French). (3rd edn, viewed 15/08/2009). International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. 1
  • ISO (2009). ISO Catalogue (viewed: 22/01/2009). International Organization for Standardization. 1
  • Jayashankar, S., Panagoda, G.J., Amaratunga, E.A.P.D., Perera, K. & Rajapakse, P.S. (2011). A Randomised Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study on the Effects of a Herbal Toothpaste on Gingival Bleeding, Oral Hygiene and Microbial Variables. Ceylon Medical Journal. 56: 5-9. [v13]
  • Kanojia, A., Chaudhari, K.S. & Gothecha, V.K. (2012). Medicinal Plants Active Against Snake Envenomation. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy. 3 (3): 363-366. [v13]
  • Mabberley, D.J. (2008). Mabberley’s Plant-Book: A Portable Dictionary of Plants, their Classification and Uses (3rd edn). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Nortier, J.L. & Vanherweghem, J.L. (2002). Renal Interstitial Fibrosis and Urothelial Carcinoma Associated with the Use of a Chinese Herb (Aristolochia fangchi). Toxicology. 181-182: 577-580. [v13]
  • Palmweb (2015). Palms of the World Online (viewed 8/10/2015 for use in SOTWP 2016).
  • Penso, G. & Proserpio, G. (1997). Index Plantarum Medicinalium Totius Mundi eorumque Synonymorum (2nd edn). OEMF, Milano. 1
  • Petersen, M.J., Liang, C., Kjaerulff, L., Ndi, C., Semple, S., Buirchell, B., Coriani, S., Møller, B.L. & Staerk, D. (2022). Serrulatane Diterpenoids from the Leaves of Eremophila glabra and their Potential as Antihyperglycemic Drug Leads. Phytochemistry. 196: 113072. [v13]
  • Quattrocchi, U. (2012). World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 1
  • RBG, Kew (ed.) (2015). Kew Economic Botany Collection - Online Database (viewed 04/12/2015 for use in SOTWP 2016). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London.
  • RBG, Kew (ed.) (1999). Survey of Economic Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (SEPASAL) Database. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London.
  • RBG, Kew (ed.) (2020). Survey of Economic Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (SEPASAL) Database (Retrieved using queries to obtain a subset containing all "medicinals"). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London.
  • RBG, Kew (ed.) (2015). Useful Plants and Fungi Project Database (viewed 17/11/2015 for use in SOTWP 2016). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London.
  • Schippmann, U., Leaman, D.J. & Cunningham, A.B. (2002). Impact of Cultivation and Gathering of Medicinal Plants on Biodiversity: Global Trends and Issues. In: FAO. 2002. Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. 9th Regular Session of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome, 12-13 October 2002. Inter-Departmental Working Group on Biological Diversity for Food and Agriculture, Rome. [v13]
  • Svendsen, M. et al. (2015). The Effect of Kiwifruit Consumption on Blood Pressure in Subjects with Moderately Elevated Blood Pressure: A Randomized, Controlled Study. Blood Press. 24 (1):48-54. #
  • WHO (1999). WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants. Vol. 1. World Health Organization, Geneva. 1
  • WHO (2004). WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants. Vol. 2. World Health Organization, Geneva. 1
  • WHO (2007). WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants. Vol. 3. World Health Organization, Geneva. 1
  • WHO (2009). WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants. Vol. 4. World Health Organization, Geneva. 1
  • WHO-UMC (ed.) (2019). WHODrug Herbal Substances (data received 18/11/2019). Uppsala Monitoring Centre, World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring (WHO-UMC), Uppsala, Sweden.
  • WHO-UMC (ed.) (2020). WHODrug Herbal Substances: 2020 Supplementary New Entries (data received 22/06/2020). Uppsala Monitoring Centre, World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring (WHO-UMC), Uppsala, Sweden.
  • WHO-UMC (ed.) (2021). WHODrug Herbal Substances: 2021 Supplementary New & Modified Entries (data received 27/08/2021). Uppsala Monitoring Centre, World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring (WHO-UMC), Uppsala, Sweden.
  • WHO-UMC (ed.) (2022). WHODrug Herbal Substances: 2022 Supplementary New & Modified Entries (data received 01/03/2022 & 01/09/2022). Uppsala Monitoring Centre, World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring (WHO-UMC), Uppsala, Sweden.
  • WHO-UMC (ed.) (2023). WHODrug Herbal Substances: 2023 Supplementary New & Modified Entries (data received 01/03/2023 & 01/09/2023). Uppsala Monitoring Centre, World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring (WHO-UMC), Uppsala, Sweden. [v13]
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  • Wyk, B.E. van & Wink, M. (2004). Medicinal Plants of the World: An Illustrated Scientific Guide to Important Medicinal Plants and their Uses. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 1
  • Yao, R., Heinrich, M., Wei, J. & Xiao, P. (2021). Cross-Cultural Ethnobotanical Assembly as a New Tool for Understanding Medicinal and Culinary Values – The Genus Lycium as A Case Study. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 12: 708518.  [v13]
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  • Please Note: a hash (#) indicates a reference included to cover a specifically requested species.

MPNS is grateful to our partners and the following collaborators for providing MPNS with their data, as indicated above:

  • 1 Uwe Schippmann, "Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Resources of the World (MAPROW)". Bonn, Germany
  • 2 Prof Dr Mushtaq Ahmad, "Medicinal Plants of Pakistan". Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University. Islamabad, Pakistan
  • 3 Ria Cahyaningsih, "Genetic Conservation and Sustainable Use of Indonesian Medicinal Plants", Research Center for Plant Conservation Research and Botanical Gardens - National Research and Innovation (Indonesia), Bogor, Indonesia
  • 4 RBG, Kew, UK , "Plants and minerals in Byzantine popular pharmacy" (www.kew.org/science/our-science/projects/byzantine-popular-pharmacy). RBG, Kew, UK.
  • 5 Prof Roja Rahimi and Roodabeh Bahramsoltani, "Traditional Persian Medicinal Plants". School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
  • 6 Jens Soelberg, "Useful Plants of Wakhan and Pamir". Museum of Natural Medicine, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • 7 Dipankar Borah, "Database of Names of Useful plants of Northeast India". Developed by the members of the Ethnobotany of Northeast India group. (https://sites.google.com/view/ethnobotanyofnortheastindia/home).
  • 8 William Milliken, "Plants for Malaria, Plants for Fever". Diversity & Livelihoods, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • 9 Tea and Herbal Infusions Europe (THIE), "THIE Inventory List of Herbals Considered as Food".
  • 10 Maroof Shah, PhD student, Center for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University of Swat, Pakistan.
  • 11 Prof. Michael Stanley-Baker, Medical Humanities, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

* MPNS would also like to thank its team of research and data capture volunteers, past and present, without whom the MPNS Resource would grow far more slowly:

  • Patricia van Eijndthoven
  • Gunvanti Goding
  • John Haspineall
  • Mabel Hernández-Altamirano
  • Rebecca Lazarou
  • Margaret Mason
  • Samuel Shepherd
  • Amparo Rodriguez
  • Wen-Hsin Tsou