Plant Details

Accepted name:

Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh. [Rosaceae]

Source of taxonomy and confidence:

World Checklist: unpublished records ( )

Information about this plant:

Plants of the World Online

Non-scientific name:	Class of name:	Medicinal source:
apfel	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
apfelbaum	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
appil	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
apple	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) Survey of Trad. Drugs Sold in Jordan (Lev, 2002) Trad. Drugs in Israel at End C20th (Lev & Amar, 2000) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
arq saib shirin	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ayaple hannu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
badara	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bu sa	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chaqu say qashain kia hua saib	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chun	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cimaiilantai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cimaiyilantai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cimaiyilantampalam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
common apple	Other	U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009)
crab apple	Other	U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009)
cultivated apple	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Native American Ethnobotany (Moerman, 1998) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
jabloko	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
jablonja	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
kantakutam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kultur-apfel	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
macieira	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
malus pumila, flos	Other	U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009)
manzana	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
manzano	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
miliá	Other	Med. Pl. Use: Monasteries on Cyprus (Lardos & Heinrich, 2013)
mushtinanan	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
paradies-apfel	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
paradise apple	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
ping guo	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
pommier	Other	Les Plantes Méd. de la Pharmacopée: Liste A (2000)
pommier commun	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
pommier paradis	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
pu sa (p & d)	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ringo	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
rub saib	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
rub saib shirin	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
rub-i-seb	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sa ndzi ti i bras bu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
saebu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
saevu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
safarchand	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sagwanamu	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
saib	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
saib shirin	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
seb	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
seb-safargang	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
seba	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sebhaphala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sebu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sef	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
seo	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
servu-kittalay	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sev	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
seva	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sevam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sevu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sharbat saib	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
shivinthaka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sib	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sieb	Other	Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
simbitika	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sin dza ti i bras bu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sinchitika	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sincitika	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
toffāah	Other	Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
tuffah	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
unnam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
äpple	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
μηλιά	Other	Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016)
تفاح	Other	Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
سیب	Other	Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)

Part(s) of plant used:	Drug form:	Medicinal source:
fruit		Les Plantes Méd. de la Pharmacopée: Liste A (2000)
	Vinegar	Survey of Trad. Drugs Sold in Jordan (Lev, 2002)
Vinegar		Trad. Drugs in Israel at End C20th (Lev & Amar, 2000)
Fruit		Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
fruit, fruit peel	vinegar	Med. Pl. Use: Monasteries on Cyprus (Lardos & Heinrich, 2013)
fruit, fruit peel	vinegar	Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016)
fruit		Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
flower		U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009)

Kew's taxonomic resources include 275 scientific synonym(s) for this plant:

synonym
Malus pumila Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8: Malus n.º 3 (1768), nom. rej.
Pyrus malus L. Sp. Pl.: 479 (1753).
Malus anisophylla Sumnev. Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Zool. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 11: 29 (1948).
Malus apetala Poit. & Turpin Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.º 46 (1846).
Malus astracanica Dum.Cours. Bot. Cult. 5: 426 (1811).
Malus batavica Poit. & Turpin Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.º 44 (1846).
Malus chitralensis Vassilcz. Fl. Iranica 66: 38 (1969).
Malus communis Desf. Fl. Atlant. 1: 398 (1798), nom. rej.
Malus communis api Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 281 (1826).
Malus communis austera (Wallr.) Wenz. Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 291 (1883).
Malus communis coccinea Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 283 (1826).
Malus communis corallina Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 287 (1826).
Malus communis coronata Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 294 (1826).
Malus communis subsp. dasyphylla (Borkh.) Dippel Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 397 (1893).
Malus communis depressa Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 288 (1826).
Malus communis var. domestica (Suckow) Gams in G.Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 4: 747 (1922).
Malus communis fasciata Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 288 (1826).
Malus communis gellida Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 277 (1826).
Malus communis joannis Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 275 (1826).
Malus communis loiseleurii Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 286 (1826).
Malus communis subsp. mitis (Wenz.) Dippel Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 396 (1893).
Malus communis var. mitis Wenz. Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 291 (1883).
Malus communis var. nigra Dippel Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 396 (1893).
Malus communis oblonga Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 287 (1826).
Malus communis var. paradisiaca (L.) Wenz. Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 291 (1883).
Malus communis subsp. paradisiaca (L.) Dippel Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 395 (1893).
Malus communis provincialis Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 295 (1826).
Malus communis pumila (Mill.) Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 276 (1826).
Malus communis subsp. pumila (Mill.) Gams in G.Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 4: 747 (1922).
Malus communis reneta Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 280 (1826).
Malus communis rosea Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 284 (1826).
Malus communis sabulosa Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 294 (1826).
Malus communis var. sativa DC. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck & A.P.de Candolle, Fl. Franç., ed. 3, 3: 429 (1805).
Malus communis siccifolia Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 293 (1826).
Malus communis var. sieversii (Ledeb.) Dippel Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 396 (1893).
Malus communis var. typica Beck Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2(1): 716 (1892), not validly publ.
Malus communis vetan Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 289 (1826).
Malus cylindracea A.Sav. Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. Assoc. Sci. France 11: 429 (1882 publ. 1883).
Malus dasyphylla Borkh. Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 2: 1269 (1803), nom. rej.
Malus dasyphylla f. dioeca Zabel in L.Beissner, E.Schelle & H.Zabel, Handb. Laubholzben.: 185 (1903).
Malus dasyphylla var. domestica (Suckow) Koidz. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 189 (1934).
Malus dasyphylla f. flore-plena Zabel in L.Beissner, E.Schelle & H.Zabel, Handb. Laubholzben.: 186 (1903), nom. nud.
Malus dasyphylla var. gellidus (Risso) D.Rivera Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot.: 154 (1997).
Malus dasyphylla var. mitis (Wallr.) Koidz. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 189 (1934).
Malus dasyphylla f. pendula (R.Möller) Zabel in L.Beissner, E.Schelle & H.Zabel, Handb. Laubholzben.: 186 (1903).
Malus dasyphylla var. reneta (Risso) D.Rivera Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot.: 150 (1997).
Malus dioica (Moench) Medik. Gesch. Bot.: 78 (1793).
Malus dolichomorpha Juz. in V.L.Komarov (ed.), Fl. URSS 9: 366 (1939).
Malus domestica var. api (Risso) D.Rivera Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot.: 139 (1997).
Malus domestica var. calvillea Likhonos in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 14: 65 (1983).
Malus domestica subsp. caucasica Likhonos Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 21 (1972).
Malus domestica var. coccineus (Risso) D.Rivera Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot.: 144 (1997).
Malus domestica var. dasyphylla (Borkh.) Langenf. Daildarznieciba 8: 17 (1971).
Malus domestica subsp. hybrida Likhonos Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 16 (1972).
Malus domestica subsp. intermedia Likhonos Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 10 (1972).
Malus domestica subsp. italotaurica Likhonos Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 20 (1972).
Malus domestica subsp. macrocarpa Likhonos Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 15 (1972).
Malus domestica subsp. medioasiatica Likhonos Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 22 (1972).
Malus domestica subsp. occidentalieuropaea Likhonos Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 19 (1972).
Malus domestica var. paradisiaca (L.) Likhonos Trudy Prikl. Bot. 52(3): 21 (1974).
Malus domestica var. parmaenea Likhonos in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 14: 65 (1983).
Malus domestica var. ponderosus (Risso) D.Rivera Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot.: 145 (1997).
Malus domestica var. praecox (Mill.) Likhonos Trudy Prikl. Bot. 52(3): 21 (1974).
Malus domestica subsp. pumila (Mill.) Likhonos in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 14: 69 (1983).
Malus domestica var. renettea Likhonos in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 14: 64 (1983).
Malus domestica var. roseus (Risso) D.Rivera Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot.: 141 (1997).
Malus domestica subsp. rossica Likhonos Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 12 (1972).
Malus dulcissima var. subsessilis (C.K.Schneid.) Koidz. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 190 (1934).
Malus fontanesiana Spach Hist. Nat. Vég. 2: 150 (1834).
Malus frutescens Medik. Gesch. Bot.: 78 (1793), nom. rej.
Malus glabra A.Sav. Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. Assoc. Sci. France 11: 432 (1882 publ. 1883).
Malus heterophylla Sumnev. Dikie Plodovo-Yagodn. Rast. Uzbekistana: 52 (1942), no Latin descr.
Malus hissarica Kudr. in S.N.Kudrjaschev, Plod. Shakhri. 1: 158 (1950).
Malus hissarica var. heterogena Kudr. in S.N.Kudrjaschev, Plod. Shakhri. 1: 161 (1950).
Malus hissarica var. mironovii Kudr. in S.N.Kudrjaschev, Plod. Shakhri. 1: 163 (1950).
Malus hissarica var. variegata Kudr. in S.N.Kudrjaschev, Plod. Shakhri. 1: 164 (1950).
Malus jarmolenkoi Poljakov Trudy Almatinsk. Gosud. Zapoved. 7: 154 (1948).
Malus juzepczukii Vassilcz. Proc. First All-Union Meet. Bot. Sel. 1: ? (1952).
Malus kirghisorum Al.Fed. & Fed. Trudy Yuzhno-Kirgizsk. Eksped. 1: 220 (1949).
Malus kudrjaschevii Sumnev. Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Zool. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 11: 31 (1948).
Malus linczevskii Poljakov Bjull. Glavn. Bot. Sada 6: 55 (1950).
Malus livida A.Sav. Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. Assoc. Sci. France 11: 430 (1882 publ. 1883).
Malus malus (L.) Voss Vilm. Blumengärtn. ed. 3, 1: 275 (1894), not validly publ.
Malus medwietzkyana Dieck ex E.Goeze Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 9: 461 (1891).
Malus niedzwetzkyana Dieck Neuheiten-Off. Natl.-Arbor. Zöschen 1891: 16 (1816).
Malus paradisiaca (L.) Medik. Gesch. Bot.: 78 (1793), nom. superfl., nom. rej.
Malus paradisiaca dasyphylla (Borkh.) Koehne Deut. Dendrol.: 259 (1893).
Malus paradisiaca pumila Koehne Deut. Dendrol.: 259 (1893).
Malus persicifolia (Popov) Sumnev. Dikie Plodovo-Yagodn. Rast. Uzbekistana: 51 (1942).
Malus praecox Borkh. Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 2: 1271 (1803), nom. superfl.
Malus praecox var. paradisiaca (L.) Valev Fl. Nar. Republ. Bulgariya 5: 347 (1973).
Malus prasomila (L.) Poit. & Turpin Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.º 39-40 (1846).
Malus prasomila augustiana Poit. & Turpin in H.L.Duhamel du Monceau, Traité Arbr. Fruit. 5: n.º 37 (1826).
Malus prasomila var. lutea-praecox Poit. & Turpin Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.º 39 (1846).
Malus prasomila var. lutea-serotina Poit. & Turpin Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.º 40 (1846).
Malus pumila f. apetala (Poit. & Turpin) C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 716 (1906).
Malus pumila var. dasyphylla (Borkh.) Koidz. J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 34(2): 86 (1913).
Malus pumila var. domestica (Suckow) C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 715 (1906).
Malus pumila var. joannis (Risso) D.Rivera Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot.: 157 (1997).
Malus pumila f. mitis (Wallr.) Buia Fl. Republ. Popul. Român. 4: 227 (1956).
Malus pumila var. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 716 (1906).
Malus pumila var. paradisiaca (L.) C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 715 (1906).
Malus pumila f. pendula (R.Möller) C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 716 (1906).
Malus pumila var. persicifolia Popov Trudy Prikl. Bot. 22: 432 (1929).
Malus pumila f. plena (Weston) Rehder Bibliogr. Cult. Trees: 269 (1949).
Malus pumila var. plena Bean Hand-List Trees Shrubs, ed. 4: 181 (1934), nom. nud.
Malus pumila var. praecox (Nyman) C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 715 (1906), not validly publ.
Malus pumila subsp. praecox Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8: s.p. (1768).
Malus pumila var. subsessilis C.K.Schneid. Bot. Gaz. 63: 400 (1917).
Malus pumila f. translucens (Hartwig) C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 716 (1906).
Malus santonum A.Sav. Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. Assoc. Sci. France 11: 428 (1882 publ. 1883).
Malus schischkinii Poljakov Trudy Almatinsk. Gosud. Zapoved. 7: 154 (1949).
Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M.Roem. Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 216 (1847).
Malus sieversii var. anisophylla (Sumnev.) Langenf. Daildarznieciba 8: 15 (1971).
Malus sieversii f. anisophylla (Sumnev.) Langenf. Yablonya: 172 (1991).
Malus sieversii var. anisophylla (Sumnev.) Ponomar. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977).
Malus sieversii var. caspiriensis (Langenf.) Ponomar. Sborn. Nauchn. Trudov Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selekts. 146: 8 (1992).
Malus sieversii f. cerea Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 81: 15 (1978).
Malus sieversii var. dilatata Kudr. Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 280 (1955).
Malus sieversii f. dragavzevii Bykov Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961).
Malus sieversii var. dulcis Kudr. Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 280 (1955).
Malus sieversii f. flava Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 81: 14 (1978).
Malus sieversii f. flavorosea Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 81: 15 (1978).
Malus sieversii f. flavorubens Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 81: 16 (1978).
Malus sieversii f. gilva Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 81: 17 (1978).
Malus sieversii var. hemisphaerica Kudr. Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 280 (1955).
Malus sieversii subsp. hissarica (Kudr.) Langenf. Daildarznieciba 8: 15 (1971).
Malus sieversii var. hissarica (Kudr.) Kudr. Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 280 (1955).
Malus sieversii var. hissarica (Kudr.) Ponomar. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 61: 998 (1976).
Malus sieversii subsp. hissarica (Kudr.) Likhonos Trudy Prikl. Bot. 52(3): 24 (1974).
Malus sieversii var. hissarica (Kudr.) Langenf. Yablonya: 172 (1991).
Malus sieversii f. insipida Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 81: 17 (1978).
Malus sieversii var. jarmolenkoi (Poljakov) Ponomar. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977).
Malus sieversii f. jarmolenkoi (Poljakov) Bykov Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961).
Malus sieversii var. juzepczukii (Vassilcz.) Ponomar. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977).
Malus sieversii var. kirghisorum (Al.Fed. & Fed.) Ponomar. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977).
Malus sieversii subsp. kirghisorum (Al.Fed. & Fed.) Likhonos ex Korovina Katalog Mir. Koll. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 351: 63 (1982).
Malus sieversii var. kudrjaschevii (Sumnev.) Ponomar. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977).
Malus sieversii var. kudrjaschevii (Sumnev.) Langenf. Daildarznieciba 8: 15 (1971).
Malus sieversii f. kudrjaschevii (Sumnev.) Langenf. Yablonya: 172 (1991).
Malus sieversii f. laetevirida Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 81: 16 (1978).
Malus sieversii f. linczevskii (Poljakov) Bykov Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961).
Malus sieversii var. linczevskii (Poljakov) Ponomar. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977).
Malus sieversii var. linczevskii (Poljakov) Langenf. Daildarznieciba 8: 15 (1971).
Malus sieversii f. linczevskii (Poljakov) Langenf. Yablonya: 172 (1991).
Malus sieversii f. longicarpa (Bykov) Langenf. Yablonya: 172 (1991).
Malus sieversii var. longicarpa Bykov Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961).
Malus sieversii f. media Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 81: 15 (1978).
Malus sieversii var. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) Langenf. Daildarznieciba 8: 15 (1971).
Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) Langenf. Yablonya: 171 (1991).
Malus sieversii f. ochrorubra Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 81: 16 (1978).
Malus sieversii var. pamiralaica Kudr. Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 280 (1955).
Malus sieversii f. pavlovii Bykov Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961).
Malus sieversii var. persicifolia (Popov) Ponomar. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977).
Malus sieversii f. poljakovii Bykov Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961).
Malus sieversii f. pomacea Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 81: 15 (1978).
Malus sieversii f. purpureofasciata Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 81: 16 (1978).
Malus sieversii f. reflexa Zaprjagaeva Fl. Tadzhiksk. S.S.R. 4: 342 (1975).
Malus sieversii f. rubrifasciata Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 81: 16 (1978).
Malus sieversii f. rubrolateralis Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 81: 17 (1978).
Malus sieversii f. schischkinii (Poljakov) Bykov Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961).
Malus sieversii var. schischkinii (Poljakov) Ponomar. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977).
Malus sieversii var. spherocarpa Bykov Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961).
Malus sieversii f. spherocarpa (Bykov) Langenf. Yablonya: 172 (1991).
Malus sieversii f. suffusa Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 81: 15 (1978).
Malus sieversii var. tianschanica (Sumnev.) Ponomar. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977).
Malus sieversii f. viridicerea Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 81: 15 (1978).
Malus sieversii f. viridifasciata Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 81: 16 (1978).
Malus sieversii f. viridirubra Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 81: 14 (1978).
Malus sieversii f. viridis Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 81: 14 (1978).
Malus sieversii f. viridula Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 81: 17 (1978).
Malus sieversii var. vvedenskyi Kudr. Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 280 (1955).
Malus sieversii f. xanthella Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 81: 16 (1978).
Malus spumosa Poit. & Turpin Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.º 9 (1846).
Malus sylvestris var. dasyphylla (Borkh.) Ponomar. Sborn. Nauchn. Trudov Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selekts. 146: 4 (1992).
Malus sylvestris subsp. mitis (Wallr.) Mansf. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 49: 45 (1940).
Malus sylvestris var. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) L.H.Bailey Hortus Sec.: 457 (1941).
Malus sylvestris subsp. paradisiaca (L.) Soó Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 9: 423 (1963).
Malus sylvestris var. paradisiaca (L.) L.H.Bailey Hortus Sec.: 457 (1941).
Malus sylvestris subsp. praecox (Nyman) Soó Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 9: 423 (1963).
Malus sylvestris var. praecox (Nyman) Ponomar. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 824 (1977).
Malus sylvestris subsp. pumila (Mill.) Domin Preslia 13-15: 133 (1935).
Malus sylvestris subsp. sieversii (Ledeb.) Soó Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 9: 423 (1963).
Malus tatarica K.Koch Dendrologie 1: 204 (1869).
Malus tianschanica Sumnev. Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 795 (1955).
Malus turbinoides A.Sav. Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. Assoc. Sci. France 11: 429 (1882 publ. 1883).
Malus umbellata Gilib. Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 235 (1782), not validly publ.
Malus upsalensis Dippel Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 394 (1893).
Malus viridis A.Sav. Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. Assoc. Sci. France 11: 431 (1882 publ. 1883).
Pyrenia malus Clairv. Man. Herbor. Suisse: 162 (1811).
Pyrus apiosa Steud. Nomencl. Bot. 1: 670 (1821), not validly publ.
Pyrus armeniacifolia Dochnahl Obstk. 1: 16 (1855), not validly publ.
Pyrus astracanica (Dum.Cours.) DC. Prodr. 2: 635 (1825).
Pyrus cavillea Steud. Nomencl. Bot. 1: 670 (1821).
Pyrus cestiana Steud. Nomencl. Bot. 1: 670 (1821).
Pyrus dioica Moench Verz. Ausländ. Bäume: 87 (1785), nom. rej.
Pyrus divisa Link Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2: 38 (1822).
Pyrus epirotica Steud. Nomencl. Bot. 1: 670 (1821).
Pyrus eryostyla (Moris) Guss. Fl. Sicul. Prodr., Suppl.: 154 (1832).
Pyrus fontanesia Poit. & Turpin in H.L.Duhamel du Monceau, Traité Arbr. Fruit. 4: n.º 79 (1835).
Pyrus fontanesiana (Spach) Steud. Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 423 (1841).
Pyrus kirghisorum (Al.Fed. & Fed.) M.F.Fay & Christenh. Global Fl. 4: 109 (2018).
Pyrus malus var. abortiva Druce Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 7: 35 (1924).
Pyrus malus apetala Münchh. Hausvater 5(1): 247 (1770), not validly publ.
Pyrus malus monstr. apetala (Poit. & Turpin) Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 78 (1906).
Pyrus malus var. apetala (Poit. & Turpin) L.H.Bailey Stand. Cycl. Hort. 5: 2871 (1917).
Pyrus malus var. astracanica (Dum.Cours.) Loudon ex L.H.Bailey Stand. Cycl. Hort. 5: 2870 (1917).
Pyrus malus lusus aucubifolia (Booth ex G.Kirchn.) Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 78 (1906).
Pyrus malus var. aucubifolia Booth ex G.Kirchn. in E.A.Petzold & G.Kirchner, Arbor. Muscav.: 320 (1864).
Pyrus malus var. austera Wallr. Sched. Crit. 1: 215 (1822).
Pyrus malus var. cavillea L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2: 686 (1762).
Pyrus malus var. cestiana L. Sp. Pl.: 479 (1753).
Pyrus malus conica Dierb. Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse: 160 (1827).
Pyrus malus costata Dierb. Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse: 156 (1827).
Pyrus malus var. dasyphylla (Borkh.) Gremli Excursionsfl. Schweiz: 173 (1878).
Pyrus malus proles dasyphylla (Borkh.) Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 77 (1906).
Pyrus malus var. domestica Suckow Anfangsgründe Theor. Angew. Bot. 2: 322 (1786).
Pyrus malus proles domestica (Suckow) Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 77 (1906).
Pyrus malus var. epirotica L. Sp. Pl.: 480 (1753).
Pyrus malus var. eriostyla Moris Stirp. Sard. Elench. 2: 3 (1828).
Pyrus malus floribunda Tipping Garden (London, 1871-1927) 80: 287 (1916).
Pyrus malus frutescens Münchh. Hausvater 5(1): 247 (1770), not validly publ.
Pyrus malus fruticosa Dierb. Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse: 155 (1827).
Pyrus malus subsp. hortensis Cout. Fl. Portugal: 290 (1913).
Pyrus malus hortensis Willk. in M.Willkomm & J.M.C.Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 194 (1874).
Pyrus malus var. minor K.Koch Linnaea 19: 43 (1847).
Pyrus malus subsp. mitis (Wallr.) Syme in J.E.Smith, Engl. Bot., ed. 3, 3: 256 (1864).
Pyrus malus var. mitis Wallr. Sched. Crit. 1: 215 (1822).
Pyrus malus var. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 78 (1906).
Pyrus malus lusus nigra (Dippel) Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 78 (1906).
Pyrus malus oblongus N.Terracc. Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 4: 107 (1891).
Pyrus malus subsp. paradisiaca (L.) Cout. Fl. Portugal: 290 (1913).
Pyrus malus proles paradisiaca (L.) Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 76 (1906).
Pyrus malus var. paradisiaca L. Sp. Pl.: 479 (1753).
Pyrus malus var. pendula (R.Möller) L.H.Bailey Stand. Cycl. Hort. 5: 2871 (1916).
Pyrus malus lusus pendula (R.Möller) Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 78 (1906).
Pyrus malus pendula R.Möller Gart.-Zeitung (Berlin) 3: 402 (1884).
Pyrus malus plana Dierb. Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse: 160 (1827).
Pyrus malus plena Weston Bot. Univ. 1: 230 (1770).
Pyrus malus var. plena L.H.Bailey Stand. Cycl. Hort. 5: 2871 (1916).
Pyrus malus pleniflora Münchh. Hausvater 5(1): 247 (1770), not validly publ.
Pyrus malus subsp. praecox Nyman Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 240 (1878).
Pyrus malus var. prasomila L. Sp. Pl.: 479 (1753).
Pyrus malus var. pumila (Mill.) A.Henry in H.J.Elwes & A.Henry, Trees Great Britain 6: 1570 (1912).
Pyrus malus subsp. pumila (Mill.) Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 75 (1906).
Pyrus malus regia Dierb. Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse: 158 (1827).
Pyrus malus rosea Dierb. Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse: 157 (1827).
Pyrus malus var. rossica Litv. Fl. Sred. Pol. Ussr: 198 (1917).
Pyrus malus var. rubelliana L. Sp. Pl.: 479 (1753).
Pyrus malus sargentii Anon. J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 41(2): cxix (1915).
Pyrus malus var. sieversii (Ledeb.) Wenz. Linnaea 38: 32 (1873).
Pyrus malus striatofasciata Dierb. Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse: 157 (1827).
Pyrus malus var. tomentosa W.D.J.Koch Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 1: 235 (1836).
Pyrus malus var. tomentosa Neilr. Fl. Nied.-Oesterr.: 886 (1859), nom. illeg.
Pyrus malus tomentosa Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 2: 96 (1843).
Pyrus malus transitoria Anon. Garden (London, 1871-1927) 86: 493 (1922).
Pyrus malus lusus translucens (Hartwig) Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 78 (1906).
Pyrus malus f. translucens Voss Vilm. Blumengärtn. ed. 3, 1: 276 (1896).
Pyrus malus var. translucens Hartwig Ill. Gehölzb.: 266 (1892).
Pyrus malus var. ussuriensis Rupr. ex Koehne Deut. Dendrol.: 245 (1893).
Pyrus malus var. wojejkowii Litv. Fl. Sred. Pol. Ussr: 198 (1917).
Pyrus niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) Hemsl. Bot. Mag. 130: t. 7975 (1904).
Pyrus paris M.F.Fay & Christenh. Global Fl. 4: 115 (2018).
Pyrus pollveria Lej. Fl. Spa 2: 311 (1813), sensu auct.
Pyrus praecox Pall. Fl. Ross. 1: 22 (1784), nom. superfl., nom. rej.
Pyrus prasomila (L.) Steud. Nomencl. Bot. 1: 670 (1821).
Pyrus pulverulenta K.Koch Dendrologie 1: 208 (1869).
Pyrus pumila (Mill.) Steud. Nomencl. Bot. 1: 671 (1821).
Pyrus pumila var. domestica (Suckow) Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 77 (1906).
Pyrus rubelliana Steud. Nomencl. Bot. 1: 671 (1821).
Pyrus saxatilis Schltdl. ex Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 2: 97 (1843).
Pyrus sieversii Bunge in C.F.von Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2: 222 (1830).
Pyrus songarica Fisch. ex Juz. in V.L.Komarov (ed.), Fl. URSS 9: 363 (1939).
Pyrus sylvestris var. sativa Gray Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 562 (1821 publ. 1822).
Sorbus malus (L.) Crantz Stirp. Austr. Fasc. 2: 57 (1763).

This plant is cited in medicinal sources using the following names:

Name as published:	Medicinal source:
Malus domestica	Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) Substances in Medicines, Australia (TGA, 2007)
Malus domestica (Borkh.) Borkh.	Med. Pl. in the Mediterranean: Project Rubia (Gonzalez-Tejero et al., 2008)
Malus domestica Borkh.	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Hagers Handbuch (Hänsel et al., 1992-1998) Med. Pl. Use: Monasteries on Cyprus (Lardos & Heinrich, 2013) Med. Plants in Jordan (Oran, 1998) Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016) WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019) World Dictionary of Med. & Pois. Pl. (Quattrocchi, 2012)
Malus pumila	Substances in Medicines, Australia (TGA, 2007)
Malus pumila Borkh.	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
Malus pumila Mill.	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019) World Dictionary of Med. & Pois. Pl. (Quattrocchi, 2012) Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)
Malus pumila Miller	U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009)
Malus pumila P. Mill.	Native American Ethnobotany (Moerman, 1998)
Pirus malus L.	Les Plantes Méd. de la Pharmacopée: Liste A (2000)
Pyrus malus	Survey of Trad. Drugs Sold in Jordan (Lev, 2002) Trad. Drugs in Israel at End C20th (Lev & Amar, 2000) Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
Pyrus malus L.	Conservation of Indonesian Medicinal Plants (Cahyaningsih, 2020) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997) WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019)

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