Plant Details

Accepted name:

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. [Asteraceae]

Source of taxonomy and confidence:

World Checklist: unpublished records ( )

Information about this plant:

Plants of the World Online

Non-scientific name:	Class of name:	Medicinal source:
akrab	Other	Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
akùb	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
artichnuat sauvage	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
a’koub	Other	Med. Plants in Jordan (Oran, 1998)
blessed milk thistle	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013)
blessed thistle	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
bull thistle	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
cardo blanco	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
cardo de burro	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
cardo de maría	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
cardo lechero	Other	Archivos de Flora Iberica (Morales et al., 1996) GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) World Economic Plants (Wiersema et al., 2013)
cardo mariano	Other	Annexo III: Veg. Drugs in Registry of Meds, Argentina (2009) Archivos de Flora Iberica (Morales et al., 1996) Dizionario Delle Erbe Med. (Suozzi, 1995) GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004) WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019) World Economic Plants (Wiersema et al., 2013)
cardo mariano, fruto	Other	Farmacopea Argentina, 8th edn. (2012) Farmacopea Herbolaria Mexicanos (2013)
cardo-leiteiro	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
cardui mariae fructus	Pharmaceutical	E-Kommission: Unapproved Status (1984-1994) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
cardui mariae herba	Pharmaceutical	E-Kommission: Approved Status (1984-1994)
carduo mariano	Other	Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
carduus marianus	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009)
chardon argente	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
chardon argenté	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
chardon marie	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Les Plantes Méd. de la Pharmacopée: Liste A (2000) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
chardon- marie	Other	Encyclopedia of Herb. Medicine (Bartram, 1995) Les Plantes Arom. et Med. (Bremness, 1996) Timber Press Plant Names (Erhardt et al., 2009)
chardon-marie	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
frauendistelfrüchte	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
fructus cardui mariae	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
fructus silybi	Pharmaceutical	Pharmacopoeia of China (2005)
fructus silybi mariae	Pharmaceutical	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
fruit de chardon marie	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
fruit of silybum marianum	Other	Pharmacopoeia of China (2005) Pharmacopoeia of China (2010)
gaourokavlos	Other	Wild Edible Pls. of Paphos and Larnaca of Cyprus (Della et al., 2006)
gundagai thistle	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
holy or milk thistle	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
holy thistle	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
kandyara	Other	Med. Floral Knowledge of Sarban Hills, Pakistan (Ijaz et al., 2016)
kenguel seed	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
khar-khangeloo	Other	Survey in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad, Iran (Mosaddegh, 2012)
kharoozeh	Other	Survey in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad, Iran (Mosaddegh, 2012)
kharshat barri	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
khorfeish	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
khurfaysh ul-jimal	Other	Med. Plants in Jordan (Oran, 1998)
khār-e-maryam	Other	Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
kocakavkas	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
kuub	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
lady's thistle	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Herbal Medicines, 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007)
lady’s milk	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
lady’s thistle	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
lahlah	Other	Med. Plants in Jordan (Oran, 1998)
lait de notre dame	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
lait de notre-dame	Other	Timber Press Plant Names (Erhardt et al., 2009) World Economic Plants (Wiersema et al., 2013)
marian thistle	Other	Herbal Medicines, 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
mariatistel	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
mariazami	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
mariendistel	Other	Encyclopedia of Herb. Medicine (Bartram, 1995) GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Kräuter Gewürze und Heilpflanzen (Bremness, 1994) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) Timber Press Plant Names (Erhardt et al., 2009) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
mariendistelfrüchte	Other	E-Kommission: Unapproved Status (1984-1994) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
mariendistelkraut	Other	E-Kommission: Approved Status (1984-1994)
marienkörner	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
maritighal	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
mary's thistle	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000)
mediterranean milk thistle	Other	Herbal Medicines, 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007)
meryemana dikeni	Other	Med. Pl. Trade Turkey (Özhatay et al., 1997)
mild marian thistle	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
milk thistle	Other	Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008) GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Herbal Medicines, 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 32 (2008) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 37 (2013) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 39 (2016) WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019)
milk-thistle	Other	Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
milk-thistle fruit	Other	British Pharmacopoeia 2009, Vol. 4 (2008) British Pharmacopoeia 2012, Vol. 4 (2011) British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014) European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012)
milkthistle	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
máriatövis-termés	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
nerokavlos	Other	Wild Edible Pls. of Paphos and Larnaca of Cyprus (Della et al., 2006)
ostro-pestro	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
patsalokavlos	Other	Wild Edible Pls. of Paphos and Larnaca of Cyprus (Della et al., 2006)
pternix	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
ra	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
rastoropsha pyatnistaya	Other	Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013)
shawkeddiman	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
shui fei ji	Other	TCM Plants for Syst. Bio. Evaluation (Eisenberg et al., 2011)
shuifeiji	Other	Pharmacopoeia of China (2005) Pharmacopoeia of China (2010) Pharmacopoeia of China (2015)
silberdistil	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
silybe	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
silybi fructus	Pharmaceutical	Pharmacopoeia of China (2010) Pharmacopoeia of China (2015)
silybi mariani fructus	Pharmaceutical	European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012)
silybon	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
silybum	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
silymarin	Other	WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019)
st mary's thistle.	Other	Herbal Medicines, 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007)
st mary’sthistle	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
st. mary's thistle	Other	Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009)
thistle	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
thistle of the blessed virgin	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
thistle, milk	Other	Encyclopedia of Herb. Medicine (Bartram, 1995) Timber Press Plant Names (Erhardt et al., 2009) World Economic Plants (Wiersema et al., 2013)
true thistle	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
variegated marian thistle	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
épine blanche	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
γαουρόκαυλος	Other	Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016)
κατσάμπουνος	Other	Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016)
περτικοκαυλίν	Other	Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016)
خار مریم	Other	Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
خرفيش الجمال	Other	Med. Plants in Jordan (Oran, 1998)
عكرب	Other	Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
عكوب	Other	Med. Plants in Jordan (Oran, 1998)
لحلاح	Other	Med. Plants in Jordan (Oran, 1998)
水飞蓟	Other	TCM Plants for Syst. Bio. Evaluation (Eisenberg et al., 2011)

Part(s) of plant used:	Drug form:	Medicinal source:
fruit	dried ripe fruit	Pharmacopoeia of China (2010)
fruit		British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014)
fruit		Les Plantes Méd. de la Pharmacopée: Liste A (2000)
Seeds, stem		Survey in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad, Iran (Mosaddegh, 2012)
Fruto	Fruto maduro seco	Annexo III: Veg. Drugs in Registry of Meds, Argentina (2009)
fruit	dried ripe fruit, the pappus having been removed	U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 39 (2016)
Seeds		Med. Floral Knowledge of Sarban Hills, Pakistan (Ijaz et al., 2016)
Fruits, herb		Herbal Medicines, 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007)
Whole plant		Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
Root, Herb, Seed, Fruit	Dry fruit, Oil	WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019)
leaves, young stems		Wild Edible Pls. of Paphos and Larnaca of Cyprus (Della et al., 2006)
leaf		Med. Pl. Trade Turkey (Özhatay et al., 1997)
fruit	dried ripe fruit	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
achenes		Med. Plants in Jordan (Oran, 1998)
fruit, H		Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
fruit	dried ripe fruit	Pharmacopoeia of China (2005)
fruit	mature druit, devoid of the pappus	British Pharmacopoeia 2009, Vol. 4 (2008)
fruit	dried fruit	U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 32 (2008)
fruit	mature fruit	European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007)
Fruit (Seed)		Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008)
fruit	Mature fruit, devoid of the pappus	European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012)
fruit	dried ripe fruit; the pappus having been removed	U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 37 (2013)
fruit	dried fruit	Farmacopea Argentina, 8th edn. (2012)
fruto maduro, desprovisto del vilano		Farmacopea Herbolaria Mexicanos (2013)
leaves, seeds, roots		Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013)

Kew's taxonomic resources include 19 scientific synonym(s) for this plant:

synonym
Carduus marianus L. Sp. Pl.: 823 (1753).
Carduus lactifolius Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 4: 141 (1812), nom. superfl.
Carduus mariae Crantz Inst. Rei Herb. 1: 248 (1766).
Carduus versicolor Salisb. Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 185 (1796), nom. superfl.
Carthamus maculatus (Scop.) Lam. Encycl. 1: 638 (1785).
Centaurea dalmatica Fraas Syn. Pl. Fl. Class.: 204 (1845).
Cirsium maculatum Scop. Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 2: 130 (1771).
Mariacantha maculosa Bubani Fl. Pyren. 2: 150 (1899).
Mariana lactea Hill Herb. Brit. 1: 75 (1769), nom. superfl.
Mariana mariana Hill Hort. Kew.: 61.
Silybum intermedium Willk. Index Seminum (TU, Dorpatensis) 1869: 6 (1869).
Silybum leucanthum Jord. & Fourr. Brev. Pl. Nov. 2: 83 (1868).
Silybum maculatum (Scop.) Moench Meth. 2: 555 (1794).
Silybum mariae (Crantz) Gray Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 436 (1821 publ. 1822).
Silybum mariae var. unicolor Gray Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 436 (1821 publ. 1822).
Silybum marianum var. albiflorum Eig Bull. Inst. Agric. Nat. Hist. Tel-Aviv 6: 44 (1927).
Silybum marianum subsp. anatolicum Meriçli
Silybum marianum var. longispinum Lamotte Prodr. Fl. Plat. Centr. 2: 424 (1881).
Silybum pygmaeum Cass. in G.-F.Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat., ed. 2. 50: 469 (1827).

This plant is cited in medicinal sources using the following names:

Name as published:	Medicinal source:
Carduus marianus L.	Med. Pl. in the Mediterranean: Project Rubia (Gonzalez-Tejero et al., 2008) Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)
Silybum marianum	Med. Pl. Trade Turkey (Özhatay et al., 1997) Med. Pl. and Extracts Market News Service (Brinkmann, 2009) Substances in Medicines, Australia (TGA, 2007) Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
Silybum marianum (L) Gaertner	Annexo III: Veg. Drugs in Registry of Meds, Argentina (2009)
Silybum marianum (L). Gaertner	Farmacopea Herbolaria Mexicanos (2013)
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn	Med. Floral Knowledge of Sarban Hills, Pakistan (Ijaz et al., 2016) Med. Herbs Israel (Said et al., 2002)
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.	Archivos de Flora Iberica (Morales et al., 1996) Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008) Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2015) Dizionario Delle Erbe Med. (Suozzi, 1995) Encyclopedia of Herb. Medicine (Bartram, 1995) GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Hagers Handbuch (Hänsel et al., 1992-1998) Herbal Medicines, 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Kräuter Gewürze und Heilpflanzen (Bremness, 1994) Les Plantes Arom. et Med. (Bremness, 1996) Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) Med. and Magical Pl. of S. Africa (Arnold et al., 2002) Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016) Pharmacopoeia of China (2005) Pharmacopoeia of China (2010) Pharmacopoeia of China (2015) Survey in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad, Iran (Mosaddegh, 2012) TCM Plants for Syst. Bio. Evaluation (Eisenberg et al., 2011) Timber Press Plant Names (Erhardt et al., 2009) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 32 (2008) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 37 (2013) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 39 (2016) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004) WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019) World Dictionary of Med. & Pois. Pl. (Quattrocchi, 2012) World Economic Plants (Wiersema et al., 2013) Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner	British Pharmacopoeia 2009, Vol. 4 (2008) E-Kommission: Approved Status (1984-1994) E-Kommission: Unapproved Status (1984-1994) Farmacopea Argentina, 8th edn. (2012) Med. Plants in Jordan (Oran, 1998) Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997) Wild Edible Pls. of Paphos and Larnaca of Cyprus (Della et al., 2006)
Silybum marianum (L.)Gaertner	SEPASAL database (Kew, 1999)
Silybum marianum Gaertn.	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Les Plantes Méd. de la Pharmacopée: Liste A (2000)
Silybum marianum L. Gaertner	British Pharmacopoeia 2012, Vol. 4 (2011) British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014) European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012)

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