Plant Details

Accepted name:: Euphorbia tirucalli L. [Euphorbiaceae]
Source:: World Checklist ( High Taxonomic Confidence )
More about this plant:: Plants of the World Online

Non-scientific name:	Class of name:	Medicinal source:
african milkbush	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) PROTA: Med. Pl. Trop. Africa 1 (Schmelzer et al., 2008) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) Useful Pl. of Kongo C Province, Vol 1-2 (Latham & ku Mbuta, 2017)
almeidinha	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
almeidinha (dried latex)	Other	PROTA: Med. Pl. Trop. Africa 1 (Schmelzer et al., 2008)
amo	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
angli thor	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
anglithor	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
angulia-thuuhar	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
asubgwa	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
aveloz	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007) PROTA: Med. Pl. Trop. Africa 1 (Schmelzer et al., 2008)
avelós	Other	Med. & Pois. Pl. NE Brazil (Agra et al., 2007) Med. Pl. of NE Brazil (Fátima Agra et al., 2008)
azfur zukkum	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bahukshira	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
barki-sehund	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
barki-thohar	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bois de lait	Other	Med. Pl. Indian Ocean Ils. (Gurib-Fakim et al., 2004)
bois malgache	Other	Med. Pl. Indian Ocean Ils. (Gurib-Fakim et al., 2004)
bonta-kalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bontakalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bontekalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bottu kalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bottugalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cakkalavi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
calli	Other	Med. Pl. Indian Ocean Ils. (Gurib-Fakim et al., 2004)
cassoneira	Other	PROTA: Med. Pl. Trop. Africa 1 (Schmelzer et al., 2008)
catukalavi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cemudu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chemadu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chemudu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
consuelda	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
dana	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
dandasruha	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
dandathuhara	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
dugdhika	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
euforbia	Other	PROTA: Med. Pl. Trop. Africa 1 (Schmelzer et al., 2008)
euphorbe antivenerien	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
euphorbe effilée	Other	PROTA: Med. Pl. Trop. Africa 1 (Schmelzer et al., 2008) Useful Pl. of Kongo C Province, Vol 1-2 (Latham & ku Mbuta, 2017)
famamo	Other	Med. Pl. Indian Ocean Ils. (Gurib-Fakim et al., 2004)
famata	Other	Med. Pl. Indian Ocean Ils. (Gurib-Fakim et al., 2004)
famata laro	Other	Med. Pl. Indian Ocean Ils. (Gurib-Fakim et al., 2004)
finger euphorbia	Other	PROTA: Med. Pl. Trop. Africa 1 (Schmelzer et al., 2008) SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999) Useful Pl. of Kongo C Province, Vol 1-2 (Latham & ku Mbuta, 2017)
finger tree	Other	PROTA: Med. Pl. Trop. Africa 1 (Schmelzer et al., 2008) Useful Pl. of Kongo C Province, Vol 1-2 (Latham & ku Mbuta, 2017)
fingertree	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
firestick plants	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
ganderi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
gangli-thor	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
guda	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
gummieuforbia	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
guāng gùn shù	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
hindi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
indian tree spurge	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
jamudu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
jemudu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
jemudu-kadalu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
jiggalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
jiggu kalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kaadu jemmudu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kada nivali	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kada-jemudu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kadajamudi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kaddiballi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kadujemudu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kadunevali	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kalli kiri	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kalli-kombu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kampillaka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kanchi jemudu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kancijemudu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kanji jemudu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kanjijemudu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kariaria	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
kateruma	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
katerumakkalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
katterumakkalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kayu patah tulang	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
keeri	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kodekalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kodu galli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kodugalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kodukalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kol-kalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kolkalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kolu galli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kolu kalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kolugalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kolukalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kombu-kalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kombukkalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kompukkalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
konpahlsehnd	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
konpal	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
konpal-sehnd	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kraalnaboom	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
kundigi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
laro	Other	Med. Pl. Indian Ocean Ils. (Gurib-Fakim et al., 2004)
latex-wolfsmilch	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
liane calli	Other	Med. Pl. Indian Ocean Ils. (Gurib-Fakim et al., 2004)
lunsonga	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
lǜ shān hú	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
lǜ yù shù	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
manchi jamudu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mentulang	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
milk bush	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Med. Pl. Indian Ocean Ils. (Gurib-Fakim et al., 2004) Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
milk hedge	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007) Med. Pl. Marketing in Bangladesh (Dixie et al., 2003)
milk-bush	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
milkbush	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
milkhedge	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
modu kalli	Other	Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008)
mondugalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mondukalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
moremotala	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
motsetse	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
mtupa mwitu	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
mundugalika	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mundugalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
munukalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
naked-lady	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
nandu galli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
nandugalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
nandukalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ndau	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
nevli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ngego	Other	Useful Pl. of Kongo C Province, Vol 1-2 (Latham & ku Mbuta, 2017)
ngewu	Other	Useful Pl. of Kongo C Province, Vol 1-2 (Latham & ku Mbuta, 2017)
ngocha	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
ngotza	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
nirval	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
nival	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
nivla	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
nlembonlembo	Other	Useful Pl. of Kongo C Province, Vol 1-2 (Latham & ku Mbuta, 2017)
nundugalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ojuog pap	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
ojuok	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
oloile	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
paccanegalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
paccha kalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pacchaneballi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pachan	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pachanegalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pachankalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
parchanu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pencil tree	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) PROTA: Med. Pl. Trop. Africa 1 (Schmelzer et al., 2008) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
penciltree	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
petroleum plant	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007) PROTA: Med. Pl. Trop. Africa 1 (Schmelzer et al., 2008)
petroleum-plant	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
portugali	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pullajeedikada	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pullakada	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
rubber euphorbia	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) PROTA: Med. Pl. Trop. Africa 1 (Schmelzer et al., 2008) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
rubber hedge euphorbia	Other	PROTA: Med. Pl. Trop. Africa 1 (Schmelzer et al., 2008) SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
rǔ cōng shù	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
saatalaa	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
sanna jemudu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sannajamudu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sannajemudu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
saptalaa	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
satala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sehnd	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sehnr	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sehud	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sehund	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Med. Pl. Marketing in Bangladesh (Dixie et al., 2003)
sendh	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
seyr	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
seyrteg	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
shar	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sher	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
shera	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
shikhoni	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
shir tothar	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
shirthohar	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
shén xiān bàng	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
sij	Other	Med. Pl. Marketing in Bangladesh (Dixie et al., 2003)
sindh	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
snuhi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Med. Pl. Marketing in Bangladesh (Dixie et al., 2003)
snuk	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
snuka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sticks on fire	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
taria	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tej	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tentulang	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
thiru kalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
thirugu jemmudu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
thirugukalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
thirukalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
thohra	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
thor	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
thuvar	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tiru-kalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tirucalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Med. Pl. Indian Ocean Ils. (Gurib-Fakim et al., 2004) PROTA: Med. Pl. Trop. Africa 1 (Schmelzer et al., 2008) Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) Useful Pl. of Kongo C Province, Vol 1-2 (Latham & ku Mbuta, 2017)
tirucalli rubber	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tirugu-kalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tiruk-kalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tirukalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
tirukkalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tiruku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tiruku-k-kalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tirukukalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tiruvatti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
trikantaka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
trikuntaka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tulang-tulang	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
umhlontlo	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
utudi	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
utupa	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
vajradruma	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vajraduhu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vajravrksah	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
velame	Other	Med. Pl. Traded in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Leitãoa et al., 2014)
weradi navahandi	Other	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020)
yellegulla	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
yù shān hú	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
zaqqume-hindi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
zaqsuni-yae-hindi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
zaquni-yae-hindi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
zaquniya	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
乳蔥樹	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
光棍树	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
光棍樹	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
玉珊瑚	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
神仙棒	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
綠玉樹	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
綠珊瑚	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
绿玉树	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Chinese Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
绿珊瑚	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)

Part(s) of plant used:	Drug form:	Medicinal source:
entire plant		Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
latex, stem bark, stem		Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
leaf, root, latex		Med. Pl. Indian Ocean Ils. (Gurib-Fakim et al., 2004)
latex, root		Med. Pl. of NE Brazil (Fátima Agra et al., 2008)
latex, root		Med. & Pois. Pl. NE Brazil (Agra et al., 2007)
Whole Plant		Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008)

Kew's taxonomic resources include 13 scientific synonym(s) for this plant:

Arthrothamnus tirucalli (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859: 251 (1859).
Euphorbia geayi Costantin & Gallaud Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 11: 347 (1905).
Euphorbia laro Drake Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 5: 307 (1899).
Euphorbia media N.E.Br. in D.Oliver & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Trop. Afr. 6(1): 556 (1911).
Euphorbia rhipsaloides Lem. Ill. Hort. 4(Misc.): 72 (1857).
Euphorbia scoparia N.E.Br. in D.Oliver & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Trop. Afr. 6(1): 557 (1911).
Euphorbia suareziana Croizat Natl. Hort. Mag. 13: 99 (1934).
Euphorbia viminalis Mill. Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.° 15 (1768), nom. illeg.
Tirucalia indica Raf. Fl. Tellur. 4: 112 (1838).
Tirucalia tirucalli (L.) P.V.Heath Calyx 5: 93 (1996).
Euphorbia media var. bagshawei N.E.Br. in D.Oliver & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Trop. Afr. 6(1): 556 (1911).
Euphorbia rhipsaloides Welw. ex N.E.Br. Fl. Trop. Afr. 6(1): 557 (1911), nom. illeg.
Euphorbia tirucalli var. rhipsaloides A.Chev. Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 13: 547 (1933).

This plant is cited in medicinal sources using the following names:

Name as published:	Medicinal source:
Arthrothamnus tirucalli (L.)Klotsch & Garcke	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Euphorbia geayi Costantin & Gallaud	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Euphorbia laro Drake	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Euphorbia media N.E.Br.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Euphorbia rhipsaloides Lem.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Euphorbia scoparia N.E.Br.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Euphorbia suareziana Croizat	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Euphorbia tirucali L.	Med. Pl. of Brazil (Mors et al., 2000)
Euphorbia tirucalli	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020) Consv. of Indonesian Med. Pl. (Cahyaningsih, 2020) Med. Pl. Marketing in Bangladesh (Dixie et al., 2003) Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) SOTWP 2016: Kew Economic Botany Collection (RBG, Kew, 2015) Useful Pl. of Kongo C Province, Vol 1-2 (Latham & ku Mbuta, 2017)
Euphorbia tirucalli L	SOTWP 2016: Useful Pl. & Fungi Project (2015)
Euphorbia tirucalli L.	Consv. of Indonesian Med. Pl. (Cahyaningsih, 2020) Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008) Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2017) Fijian Med. Pl. (Cambie & Ash, 1994) GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Hagers Handbuch (Hänsel et al., 1992-1998) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Med. & Pois. Pl. 1 (Padua et al., 1999) Med. & Pois. Pl. NE Brazil (Agra et al., 2007) Med. Pl. Indian Ocean Ils. (Gurib-Fakim et al., 2004) Med. Pl. Traded in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Leitãoa et al., 2014) Med. Pl. of NE Brazil (Fátima Agra et al., 2008) Med. and Magical Pl. of S Africa (Arnold et al., 2002) Orders & Families of Med. Pl. in Philippines (Carag & Buot, 2017) PROTA: Med. Pl. Trop. Africa 1 (Schmelzer et al., 2008) Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997) Polyglot Asian Med.: Chinese Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999) SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020) SOTWP 2016: PROTA (2015) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) World Checklist of Useful Pl. Spp. (Diazgranados et al., 2020) World Dictionary of Med. & Pois. Pl. (Quattrocchi, 2012) Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)
Euphorbia tirucalli Linn.	Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007) Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) SOTWP 2016: Useful Pl. of W Tropical Africa (2015)
Euphorbia viminalis Mill.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Tirucallia indica Raf.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Tirucallia tirucalli (L.)P.V.Heath	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)

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