Plant Details

Accepted name:

Brassica rapa L. [Brassicaceae]

Taxonomic source and confidence:

World Checklist: unpublished records ( )

Information about this plant:

Plants of the World Online

Non-scientific name:	Class of name:	Medicinal plant reference:
aur	Other	Pl. for Geohelminth in Kalat District, Pakistan (Bibi et al., 2016)
avalu	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
bai cai	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
barshād	Other	Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
bhuitagama	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
bird rape	Other	Survey of Trad. Drugs Sold in Jordan (Lev, 2002) Trad. Drugs in Israel at End C20th (Lev & Amar, 2000)
birdrape	Other	Native American Ethnobotany (Moerman, 1998)
bok-choy	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
brassica napus	Other	U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009)
brassicae semen	Pharmaceutical	Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia (2002)
canola oil	Other	Food Chemicals Codex (USP, 2008) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 32 (2008) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 37 (2013) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 39 (2016)
celery cabbage	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
celery mustard	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
chinese cabbage	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
chinese mustard	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
chinese white cabbage	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
common mustard	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
duradharsha	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
field mustard	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil	Other	Food Chemicals Codex (USP, 2008) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 39 (2016)
gonglu	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
herbstrübe	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
hurf-e-abyaz	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
höstoe	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
italian kale	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
kabu	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
kadugu	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
katuka	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
kaṭusneha	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
lear oil	Other	Food Chemicals Codex (USP, 2008)
low erucic acid rapeseed oil	Other	Food Chemicals Codex (USP, 2008)
luft	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
mairübe	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
majroe	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
man jing	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
meiraap	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
mohari	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
mostaza	Other	Med. Plants for Diabetes in C. America (Giovannini et al, 2016)
mustard	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
mustard cabbage	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
nabo	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
nabo colza	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
nabo forrajero	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
napa cabbage	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
navet	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
pak-choi	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
pe-tsai	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
polish canola	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
rai	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
rakta sarshapa	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
rapa	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
rapae oleum raffinatum	Pharmaceutical	European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012)
rapeseed oil, fully hydrogenated	Other	Food Chemicals Codex (USP, 2008)
rapeseed oil, refined	Other	European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012)
rapeseed oil, superglycerinated	Other	Food Chemicals Codex (USP, 2008)
rapini	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
ratu aba	Other	Ayurvedic Med. Plants of Sri Lanka (2016)
refined rapeseed oil	Other	British Pharmacopoeia 2009, Vol. 4 (2008) British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014)
repa	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
rova	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
rábano	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
salgam	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
salgum	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
sarasad	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
saraso	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
sarayo	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
sarisa	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
sarshaf	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
sarson	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
saryonn	Other	Pl. Meds for Musculoskeletal Disorders, N. Pakistan (Malik et al., 2018)
sarṣapa (seed)	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
sasive	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
sasuvae	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
sasuve	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
seemamullangi	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
seven-top turnip	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
shalghum	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
shalgum	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
shaljam	Other	Med. Pl. in Talagang, Punjab Province (Nazish Rehman et al., 2017) Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
shalqam	Other	Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
siddhārtha	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
speiserübe	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
spring turnip rape	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
stopelknol	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
stoppelrübe	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
sunmu	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
superglycerinated fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil	Other	Food Chemicals Codex (USP, 2008)
thipper	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
turneps	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
turnip	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
turnip rape	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
ugragandha	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
wasserrübe	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
weiße	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
white celery mustard	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
white turnip	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
برشاد	Other	Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
شلجم	Other	Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
شلغم	Other	Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)

Part(s) of plant used:	Form in which drug used:	Medicinal plant reference:
seed	refined oil	British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014)
Seed		Survey of Trad. Drugs Sold in Jordan (Lev, 2002)
Seed		Trad. Drugs in Israel at End C20th (Lev & Amar, 2000)
Seeds		Ayurvedic Med. Plants of Sri Lanka (2016)
seed	refined fixed oil obtained from the seeds	U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 39 (2016)
Root		Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
Seeds		Pl. Meds for Musculoskeletal Disorders, N. Pakistan (Malik et al., 2018)
Leaf, Root		Med. Pl. in Talagang, Punjab Province (Nazish Rehman et al., 2017)
Seeds		Pl. for Geohelminth in Kalat District, Pakistan (Bibi et al., 2016)
seed	fatty oil	British Pharmacopoeia 2009, Vol. 4 (2008)
seed	oil	Food Chemicals Codex (USP, 2008)
seed	oil	U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 32 (2008)
seed	fatty oil	European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007)
seed	dried seed	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
seed		Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia (2002)
seed	dried seed	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
seed	Fatty oil obtained from the seeds by mechanical expression or by extraction. It is then refined.	European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012)
seed	refined fixed oil obtained from the seeds	U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 37 (2013)

Kew's taxonomic resources include 235 scientific synonym(s) for this plant:

synonym
Brassica campestris L. Sp. Pl.: 666 (1753).
Brassica campestris subvar. autumnalis DC. Syst. Nat. 2: 589 (1821).
Brassica campestris stirps oleifera DC. Syst. Nat. 2: 588 (1821).
Brassica campestris var. rapa (L.) C.Hartm. Handb. Skand. Fl., ed. 6: 110 (1854).
Brassica campestris var. sarson Prain Agric. Ledger 5: 24 (1898).
Brassica chinensis L. Cent. Pl. I: 19 (1755).
Brassica chinensis var. oleifera Makino & Nemoto Fl. Japan, ed. 2: 393 (1931).
Brassica napus var. chinensis (L.) O.E.Schulz in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 105(70): 45 (1919).
Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr. Fl. Ingr.: 96 (1860).
Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt in R.Mansfeld, Verz. Landwirtsch. Gärtn. Kulturpfl., ed. 2, 1: 304 (1986).
Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. Syst. Beschr. Kohlart.: 49 (1833).
Barbarea derchiensis S.S.Ying Coloured Ill. Fl. Taiwan 5: 594 (1995).
Brassica amplexicaulis Hochst. ex A.Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 23 (1847).
Brassica antiquorum H.Lév. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 4: 227 (1907).
Brassica arvensis Hablitz Descr. Phys. Taur.: 146 (1788).
Brassica asperifolia Lam. Encycl. 1: 746 (1785).
Brassica asperifolia var. esculenta Gren. & Godr.
Brassica asperifolia var. oleifera Godr. in J.C.M.Grenier & D.A.Godron, Fl. France 1: 76 (1847).
Brassica asperifolia var. sylvestris Lam. Encycl. 1: 746 (1785).
Brassica brassicata A.Chev. Cat. Pl. Jard. Bot. Saigon: 14 (1919).
Brassica briggsii Varenne J. Bot. 19: 360 (1881).
Brassica campestris var. afghanica Sinskaya
Brassica campestris var. agrestis Prain Agric. Ledger 1: 45 (1898).
Brassica campestris var. amplexicaulis Makino in Y.Iinuma, Somoku-Dzusetsu, ed. 3, 3: 901 (1912).
Brassica campestris var. annua (W.D.J.Koch) Rchb. Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 2: 106 (1838).
Brassica campestris f. auriculata (DC.) O.E.Schulz in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 105(70): 49 (1919).
Brassica campestris f. briggsii (Briggs) O.E.Schulz in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 105(70): 49 (1919).
Brassica campestris subsp. chinensis (L.) Makino in Y.Iinuma, Somoku-Dzusetsu, ed. 3, 12: XXVII (1912).
Brassica campestris var. chinensis (L.) N.Busch Fl. Sibir. Orient. Extremi 1: 166 (1913).
Brassica campestris subvar. depressa (DC.) O.E.Schulz in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 105(70): 51 (1919).
Brassica campestris subsp. dichotoma (Roxb.) G.Olsson Hereditas (Lund) 40: 414 (1954).
Brassica campestris var. dissecta O.E.Schulz
Brassica campestris var. genuina Celak. Prodr. Fl. Böhmen: 469 (1874), not validly publ.
Brassica campestris var. glabra Sinskaya
Brassica campestris var. hiroshimana Makino
Brassica campestris var. mana Makino
Brassica campestris var. musifolia Makino J. Jap. Bot. 5: 48 (1928).
Brassica campestris subsp. narinosa (L.H.Bailey) G.Olsson Hereditas (Lund) 40: 414 (1954).
Brassica campestris subsp. nipposinica (L.H.Bailey) G.Olsson Hereditas (Lund) 40: 414 (1954).
Brassica campestris subvar. oblonga (Mill.) O.E.Schulz in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 105(70): 51 (1919).
Brassica campestris f. oblonga (Mill.) Prain Agric. Ledger 1: 46 (1898).
Brassica campestris subsp. oleifera (DC.) Sinskaya Trudy Prikl. Bot. 19(3): 56 (1928).
Brassica campestris var. osakana Makino
Brassica campestris subsp. pekinensis (Lour.) G.Olsson Hereditas (Lund) 40: 414 (1954).
Brassica campestris subvar. praecox DC. Syst. Nat. 2: 589 (1821).
Brassica campestris var. purpuraria L.H.Bailey Gentes Herbarum 2: 248 (1930).
Brassica campestris subvar. pygmaea Alef. Landw. Fl.: 249 (1866).
Brassica campestris proles rapa (L.) Samp.
Brassica campestris var. rubra Sinskaya
Brassica campestris var. setulosa Caruel in F.Parlatore, Fl. Ital. 9: 985 (1881).
Brassica campestris var. sotetsuna Makino in Y.Iinuma, Somoku-Dzusetsu, ed. 3, 3: 900 (1912).
Brassica campestris f. tenuis O.E.Schulz in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 105(70): 49 (1919).
Brassica campestris subsp. trilocularis (Roxb.) G.Olsson Hereditas (Lund) 40: 414 (1954).
Brassica campestris var. trilocularis (Roxb.) Duthie & Fuller Field Gard. Crops N-W Prov. 2: 28 (1882).
Brassica campestris f. trilocularis (Roxb.) Prain Agric. Ledger 1: 46 (1898).
Brassica campestris subsp. vulgaris Schübl. & G.Martens Fl. Würtemberg: 437 (1834), not validly publ.
Brassica celerifolia (Tsen & S.H.Lee) Y.Z.Lan & T.Y.Cheo Acta Phytotax. Sin. 29: 74 (1991).
Brassica chinensis f. aichi M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 147 (1971), without type.
Brassica chinensis f. chifu M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 145 (1971), without type.
Brassica chinensis var. communis Tsen & S.H.Lee
Brassica chinensis var. crispa André Pl. Feuill. Ornem.: 108 (1866).
Brassica chinensis var. dentata (Matsum. & Nakai) M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 148 (1971).
Brassica chinensis f. hiberna M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 144 (1971), without type.
Brassica chinensis f. hiroshimana (Makino) M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 143 (1971).
Brassica chinensis f. honsaitai M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 144 (1971), without type.
Brassica chinensis f. indivisa (Makino) M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 143 (1971).
Brassica chinensis f. komatsuna (Matsum. & Nakai) M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 142 (1971).
Brassica chinensis var. komatsuna Matsum. & Nakai
Brassica chinensis f. mana (Makino) M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 143 (1971).
Brassica chinensis var. musifolia (Makino) M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 149 (1971).
Brassica chinensis var. narinosa (Bailey) M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 144 (1971).
Brassica chinensis f. nigra M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 144 (1971), without type.
Brassica chinensis f. nozawensis M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 144 (1971), without type.
Brassica chinensis f. osakana (Makino) M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 143 (1971).
Brassica chinensis subf. peking M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 147 (1971), without type.
Brassica chinensis f. piaoh-tsai (Kitam.) M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 144 (1971).
Brassica chinensis var. rosularis Tsen & S.H.Lee Hortus Sinicus 2: 8 (1942).
Brassica chinensis subf. shigatsuna (Makino) M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 142 (1971).
Brassica chinensis f. taito M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 146 (1971), without type.
Brassica chinensis f. youngtungtsai (Kitam.) M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 144 (1971).
Brassica colza H.Lév. Monde Pl. 12: 25 (1910).
Brassica cyrenaica Spreng. Syst. Veg. 2: 911 (1825), nom. superfl.
Brassica dubiosa L.H.Bailey Gentes Herbarum 1: 102 (1922).
Brassica japonica Makino Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 22: 161 (1908), nom. illeg.
Brassica japonica var. indivisa Makino J. Jap. Bot. 1: 7 (1916).
Brassica japonica var. isena Makino in Y.Iinuma, Somoku-Dzusetsu, ed. 3, 3: 904 (1912).
Brassica japonica var. suigikuna Makino in Y.Iinuma, Somoku-Dzusetsu, ed. 3, 3: 902 (1912).
Brassica juncea var. celerifolia Tsen & S.H.Lee Hort. Sin. 2: 28 (1942).
Brassica lutea Gilib. Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 62 (1782), opus utique oppr.
Brassica mizuna Siebold Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 12: 52 (1830), nom. nud.
Brassica musifolia (Makino) Makino J. Jap. Bot. 5: 48 (1928), pro syn.
Brassica napella Chaix in D.Villars, Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 3: 334 (1788).
Brassica napus var. dichotoma (Roxb.) Prain Agric. Ledger 1: 36 (1898).
Brassica napus var. longirostris Borbás Math. Term. Közlem. 15: 176 (1878).
Brassica napus var. trilocularis (Roxb.) O.E.Schulz in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 105(70): 42 (1919).
Brassica narinosa L.H.Bailey Gentes Herbarum 1: 99 (1922).
Brassica nipposinica L.H.Bailey Gentes Herbarum 1: 86 (1922).
Brassica nipposinica var. laciniifolia L.H.Bailey Gentes Herbarum 1: 88 (1922).
Brassica oleracea var. chinensis (L.) Prain Agric. Ledger 1: 42 (1898).
Brassica oleronensis A.Sav. ex Foucaud Bull. Soc. Bot. France 26: 74 (1879).
Brassica parachinensis L.H.Bailey Gentes Herbarum 1: 102 (1922).
Brassica pe-tsai L.H.Bailey Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 67: 190 (1894).
Brassica pe-tsai var. dentata Matsum. & Nakai
Brassica pekinensis var. cephalata Tsen & S.H.Lee Hort. Sin. 2: 14 (1942).
Brassica pekinensis var. cylindrica Tsen & S.H.Lee Hort. Sin. 2: 15 (1942).
Brassica pekinensis var. hiroshimana Makino J. Jap. Bot. 3: 27 (1926).
Brassica pekinensis var. laxa Tsen & S.H.Lee Hort. Sin. 2: 16 (1942).
Brassica perfoliata Crantz Stirp. Austr. Fasc., ed. 2: 37 (1769).
Brassica perviridis (L.H.Bailey) L.H.Bailey Gentes Herbarum 4: 328 (1940).
Brassica petsai (Lour.) L.H.Bailey Gentes Herbarum 1: 99 (1922).
Brassica polymorpha Syme in J.E.Smith, Engl. Bot., ed. 3, 1: 133 (1863), nom. illeg.
Brassica pseudocolza H.Lév. Monde Pl. 12: 25 (1910).
Brassica purpuraria (L.H.Bailey) L.H.Bailey
Brassica rapa subsp. afghanica (Sinskaya) Shebalina in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 18: 29 (1985).
Brassica rapa subvar. alba DC. Syst. Nat. 2: 591 (1821).
Brassica rapa var. alborosea Shebalina in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 18: 34 (1985).
Brassica rapa var. amplexicaulis Yo.Tanaka & Ono Useful Pl. Japan: 10 (1895).
Brassica rapa var. annua W.D.J.Koch Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv.: 55 (1835).
Brassica rapa var. arenaria Alef. Landw. Fl.: 248 (1866).
Brassica rapa var. baubryana Alef. Landw. Fl.: 249 (1866).
Brassica rapa var. biennis Alef. Landw. Fl.: 246 (1866).
Brassica rapa var. briggsii Briggs Fl. Plymouth: 20 (1880).
Brassica rapa subsp. campestris (L.) A.R.Clapham in A.R.Clapham, T.G.Tutin & E.F.Warburg, Fl. Brit. Isles: 153 (1952).
Brassica rapa var. campestris (L.) Peterm. Fl. Lips. Excurs.: 491 (1838).
Brassica rapa convar. cephalata (Tsen & S.H.Lee) G.H.Loos Jahrb. Bochum. Bot. Vereins 1: 118 (2010).
Brassica rapa var. cephalata (Tsen & S.H.Lee) Hanelt Feddes Repert. 98: 553 (1987).
Brassica rapa var. chinensis (L.) Kitam. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 19: 79 (1950).
Brassica rapa var. chloroplax Alef. Landw. Fl.: 249 (1866).
Brassica rapa var. cinerascens Alef. Landw. Fl.: 249 (1866).
Brassica rapa var. communis Schübl. & G.Martens Fl. Würtemberg: 438 (1834), not validly publ.
Brassica rapa var. communis (Tsen & S.H.Lee) Hanelt Feddes Repert. 98: 554 (1987).
Brassica rapa convar. cylindrica (Tsen & S.H.Lee) G.H.Loos Jahrb. Bochum. Bot. Vereins 1: 118 (2010).
Brassica rapa var. cylindrica (Tsen & S.H.Lee) Hanelt Feddes Repert. 98: 553 (1987).
Brassica rapa var. depressa (DC.) Lej. & Courtois Comp. Fl. Belg. 2: 294 (1831).
Brassica rapa f. depressa (DC.) Prain Agric. Ledger 1: 45 (1898).
Brassica rapa stirps depressa DC. Syst. Nat. 2: 590 (1821).
Brassica rapa subf. depressa M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 136 (1971), without type.
Brassica rapa subsp. dichotoma (Roxb. ex Fleming) Hanelt in R.Mansfeld, Verz. Landwirtsch. Gärtn. Kulturpfl., ed. 2, 1: 302 (1986).
Brassica rapa var. dichotoma (Roxb. ex Fleming) Kitam. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 16: 62 (1955).
Brassica rapa var. dissecta (O.E.Schulz) Gladis Feddes Repert. 103: 500 (1992).
Brassica rapa var. erythroplax Alef. Landw. Fl.: 249 (1866).
Brassica rapa convar. europea Shebalina in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 18: 24 (1985).
Brassica rapa subvar. flavescens DC. Syst. Nat. 2: 591 (1821).
Brassica rapa var. frenosiana Alef. Landw. Fl.: 249 (1866).
Brassica rapa var. glabra Regel Gartenflora 9: 9 (1860).
Brassica rapa f. glabra (Sinskaya) M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 136 (1971).
Brassica rapa subf. globosa M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 137 (1971), without type.
Brassica rapa var. globosa Peterm. Fl. Lips. Excurs.: 491 (1838).
Brassica rapa var. hybrida Shebalina in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 18: 31 (1985).
Brassica rapa var. intermedia Shebalina in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 18: 34 (1985).
Brassica rapa subsp. japonica Shebalina in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 18: 33 (1985).
Brassica rapa var. jodopyrga Alef. Landw. Fl.: 247 (1866).
Brassica rapa convar. laxa (Tsen & S.H.Lee) G.H.Loos Jahrb. Bochum. Bot. Vereins 1: 118 (2010).
Brassica rapa var. laxa (Tsen & S.H.Lee) Hanelt Feddes Repert. 98: 553 (1987).
Brassica rapa var. leptorhiza Spach Hist. Nat. Vég. 6: 371 (1838).
Brassica rapa var. leucoplax Alef. Landw. Fl.: 248 (1866).
Brassica rapa var. leucopyrga Alef. Landw. Fl.: 247 (1866).
Brassica rapa var. lorifolia L.H.Bailey Gentes Herbarum 1: 85 (1922).
Brassica rapa var. lugdunensis Alef. Landw. Fl.: 248 (1866).
Brassica rapa var. meauxiana Alef. Landw. Fl.: 249 (1866).
Brassica rapa var. media Alef. Landw. Fl.: 247 (1866).
Brassica rapa var. melaina Alef. Landw. Fl.: 247 (1866).
Brassica rapa var. morignyana Alef. Landw. Fl.: 248 (1866).
Brassica rapa f. nagakabu Kitam.
Brassica rapa subf. nagakuba (Kitam.) M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 139 (1971).
Brassica rapa subsp. narinosa (L.H.Bailey) Hanelt in R.Mansfeld, Verz. Landwirtsch. Gärtn. Kulturpfl., ed. 2, 1: 305 (1986).
Brassica rapa var. narinosa (L.H.Bailey) Kitam. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 19(3): 80 (1950).
Brassica rapa subvar. nigricans DC. Syst. Nat. 2: 591 (1821).
Brassica rapa var. nipposinica (L.H.Bailey) Hanelt in R.Mansfeld, Verz. Landwirtsch. Gärtn. Kulturpfl., ed. 2, 1: 305 (1986).
Brassica rapa subsp. nipposinica (L.H.Bailey) Kitam. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 36: 93 (1985).
Brassica rapa var. oblonga (Mill.) Lej. & Courtois Comp. Fl. Belg. 2: 295 (1831).
Brassica rapa stirps oblonga (Mill.) DC. Syst. Nat. 2: 591 (1821).
Brassica rapa subf. oblonga M.Hiroe Pl. Basho's & Buson's Hokku Lit. 8(1): 138 (1971), without type.
Brassica rapa var. oleifera (DC.) Lej. & Courtois Comp. Fl. Belg. 2: 295 (1831).
Brassica rapa stirps oleifera DC. Syst. Nat. 2: 591 (1821).
Brassica rapa convar. oleifera (DC.) Alef. Landw. Fl.: 246 (1866).
Brassica rapa var. oleronensis (A.Sav. ex Foucaud) Sav. Bull. Soc. Bot. Rochelaise 11: 69 (1889).
Brassica rapa convar. parachinensis (L.H.Bailey) G.H.Loos Jahrb. Bochum. Bot. Vereins 1: 118 (2010).
Brassica rapa var. parachinensis (Bailey) Hanelt Feddes Repert. 98: 554 (1987).
Brassica rapa subvar. pe-tsai (L.H.Bailey) Kitam. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 19(3): 79 (1950).
Brassica rapa var. pekinensis (Lour.) Hanelt in R.Mansfeld, Verz. Landwirtsch. Gärtn. Kulturpfl., ed. 2, 1: 304 (1986).
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (Lour.) Kitam. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 35: 125 (1984).
Brassica rapa var. perviridis L.H.Bailey Gentes Herbarum 2: 243 (1930).
Brassica rapa subvar. punicea DC. Syst. Nat. 2: 591 (1821).
Brassica rapa var. purpuraria (L.H.Bailey) Kitam. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 19(3): 78 (1950).
Brassica rapa convar. rosularis (Tsen & S.H.Lee) G.H.Loos Jahrb. Bochum. Bot. Vereins 1: 118 (2010).
Brassica rapa var. rosularis (Tsen & S.H.Lee) Hanelt Feddes Repert. 98: 554 (1987).
Brassica rapa var. rubra (Sinskaya) Shebalina in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 18: 23 (1985).
Brassica rapa var. sarcorhiza Spach Hist. Nat. Vég. 6: 371 (1838).
Brassica rapa var. sarson (Prain) Mehrotra & Aswal J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 6: 587 (1985), without basionym ref.
Brassica rapa subsp. sarson (Prain) Denford Bot. Not. 128: 456 (1975).
Brassica rapa var. sativa Mérat Nouv. Fl. Env. Paris: 263 (1812).
Brassica rapa var. saulieua Alef. Landw. Fl.: 249 (1866).
Brassica rapa var. septiceps L.H.Bailey Gentes Herbarum 2: 241 (1930).
Brassica rapa subsp. sylvestris (Lam.) Janch. Phyton (Horn) 8: 235 (1959).
Brassica rapa var. sylvestris Briggs Fl. Plymouth: 20 (1880), nom. nud.
Brassica rapa var. teltoviensis Alef. Landw. Fl.: 249 (1866).
Brassica rapa subsp. trilocularis (Roxb.) Hanelt in R.Mansfeld, Verz. Landwirtsch. Gärtn. Kulturpfl., ed. 2, 1: 302 (1986).
Brassica rapa var. typica Posp. Fl. Oesterr. Küstenl. 1: 496 (1897), not validly publ.
Brassica rapa var. variegata Alef. Landw. Fl.: 248 (1866).
Brassica rapa var. vilmorinii Alef. Landw. Fl.: 249 (1866).
Brassica rapa var. violascens Shebalina in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 18: 28 (1985).
Brassica rapa subvar. viridis DC. Syst. Nat. 2: 591 (1821).
Brassica rapa var. xanthocona Alef. Landw. Fl.: 247 (1866).
Brassica rapa var. xanthoplax Alef. Landw. Fl.: 248 (1866).
Brassica rapa subf. youngtungtsai Kitam.
Brassica saruna Siebold Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 12: 52 (1830), nom. nud.
Brassica sativa Clavaud Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 35: 292 (1881), nom. superfl.
Brassica sativa var. campestris (L.) Clavaud Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 35: 292 (1881).
Brassica sativa var. rapa (L.) Clavaud Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 35: 293 (1881).
Brassica septiceps (L.H.Bailey) L.H.Bailey Gentes Herbarum 4: 328 (1940).
Brassica sphaerorhiza Gray Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 683 (1821 publ. 1822).
Brassica sphaerorhiza var. oblonga Gray Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 683 (1821 publ. 1822).
Brassica trilocularis Hook.f. & Thomson J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 5: 169 (1861).
Brassica trimestris Boenn. Prodr. Fl. Monast. Westphal.: 201 (1824).
Brassica tuberosa Salisb. Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 272 (1796).
Caulanthus sulfureus Payson Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 9: 286 (1922 publ. 1923).
Crucifera rapa E.H.L.Krause in J.Sturm, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 6: 137 (1902).
Napus campestris (L.) K.F.Schimp. & Spenn. in F.C.L.Spenner, Fl. Friburg. 3: 941 (1829).
Napus rapa (L.) K.F.Schimp. & Spenn. in F.C.L.Spenner, Fl. Friburg. 3: 941 (1829).
Rapa oblonga Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8: n.º 2 (1768).
Raphanus amplexicaulis Viv. Fl. Libyc. Spec.: 37 (1824).
Raphanus campestris (L.) Crantz Cl. Crucif. Emend.: 113 (1769).
Raphanus chinensis (L.) Crantz Cl. Crucif. Emend.: 112 (1769), nom. illeg.
Raphanus rapa (L.) Crantz Cl. Crucif. Emend.: 113 (1769).
Sinapis auriculata DC. Syst. Nat. 2: 611 (1821).
Sinapis campestris Besser Prim. Fl. Galiciae Austriac. 2: 88 (1809).
Sinapis communis Noronha Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 5(4): 27 (1790), nom. nud.
Sinapis dichotoma Roxb. Asiat. Res. 11: 179 (1810).
Sinapis pekinensis Lour. Fl. Cochinch.: 409 (1790).
Sinapis pekinensis var. cai-ben Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 2: 400 (1790), nom. nud.
Sinapis pekinensis var. pe-tsai Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 2: 400 (1790), nom. nud.
Sinapis rapa Brot. Fl. Lusit. 1: 586 (1804).
Sinapis trilocularis Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 121 (1832).
Sinapis tuberosa Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 4: 346 (1797).

This plant is cited in medicinal references using the following names:

Name as published:	Medicinal reference:
Brassica camperstris Linn.	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
Brassica campestris	Handbook African Med. Pl. (Iwu, 1993) SOTWP 2016: Kew Economic Botany Collection (2015) Survey of Trad. Drugs Sold in Jordan (Lev, 2002) Trad. Drugs in Israel at End C20th (Lev & Amar, 2000) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 32 (2008) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 37 (2013) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 39 (2016)
Brassica campestris L.	British Pharmacopoeia 2009, Vol. 4 (2008) British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014) European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012) Med. Plants for Diabetes in C. America (Giovannini et al, 2016) Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997) U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009)
Brassica campestris L. var. autumnalis Schultz	Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997)
Brassica campestris L. var. oleifera DC.	Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997)
Brassica campestris L. var. rapa L.	Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997)
Brassica campestris L. var. sarson Prain	World Dictionary of Med. & Pois. Pl. (Quattrocchi, 2012)
Brassica campestris Linn.	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) SOTWP 2016: Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa (2015)
Brassica campestris var. rapa	Ayurvedic Med. Plants of Sri Lanka (2016)
Brassica chinensis	Substances in Medicines, Australia (TGA, 2007)
Brassica chinensis L.	Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997)
Brassica chinensis Linn.	SOTWP 2016: Kew Economic Botany Collection (2015)
Brassica chinensis Linné var. oleifera Makino	Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia (2002)
Brassica napus L. var. chinensis Schultz	Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997)
Brassica pekinensis	Substances in Medicines, Australia (TGA, 2007)
Brassica rapa	Food Chemicals Codex (USP, 2008) SOTWP 2016: Kew Economic Botany Collection (2015) Substances in Medicines, Australia (TGA, 2007) Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
Brassica rapa (Lour.) Hanelt	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
Brassica rapa L.	Med. Pl. in Talagang, Punjab Province (Nazish Rehman et al., 2017) Med. and Magical Pl. of S. Africa (Arnold et al., 2002) Pl. Meds for Musculoskeletal Disorders, N. Pakistan (Malik et al., 2018) Pl. for Geohelminth in Kalat District, Pakistan (Bibi et al., 2016) SOTWP 2016: PROTA (2015) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) World Dictionary of Med. & Pois. Pl. (Quattrocchi, 2012)
Brassica rapa L. subsp. rapa	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
Brassica rapa L. var. rapa	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Native American Ethnobotany (Moerman, 1998)
Brassica rapa Linn.	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera L.	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
Brassica rapa subsp. rapa L.	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)

The following online resources may contain further information about this plant. Please click on any link to search that resource. You may search using the accepted name alone OR using the accepted name and all of its synonyms simultaneously.

Search using just the accepted name

NCBI — (Including Pubmed & GenBank)

Google Images

Google Scholar

Encyclopedia of Life

Search using all scientific names used for this plant:

NCBI — (Including Pubmed & GenBank)

Google Images