Plant Details

Accepted name:

Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. [Cucurbitaceae]

Source of taxonomy and confidence:

World Checklist: unpublished records ( )

Information about this plant:

Plants of the World Online

Non-scientific name:	Class of name:	Medicinal source:
abóbora-d'água	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
alattuppucanikkoti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
alattuppucini	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
alu puhul	Other	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020)
ash gourd	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) SEPASAL database (Kew, 1999)
ash pumpkin	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ash-pumpkin	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
benincasa	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
benincasa seed	Other	Japanese Pharmacopoeia 15th edn. (2006) Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 16th edn. (2012)
benincasae exocarpium	Pharmaceutical	Pharmacopoeia of China (2010) Pharmacopoeia of China (2015)
benincasae pericarpium	Pharmaceutical	Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia (2002)
benincasae semen	Pharmaceutical	Japanese Pharmacopoeia 15th edn. (2006) Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 16th edn. (2012) Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia (2002) Taiwan Herbal Pharmacop. 3rd Chinese ed. (MOHW, 2018)
bhujailu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bhuru	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
bhuru kolu	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
bilay	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
boarda goomoodoo	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
boodi humbala	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
boodi kumbala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
boodida gummadi	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
boodidegummadi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
boodigummadi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
boodu gumbala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
boodukumbalakaayi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
brhatphala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
brihatapha	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
brihatphala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
budekumbalakayi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
budida-gummadi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
budidegummadi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
budithi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
burdagumudu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
burdogumldu	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
bṛihatphalam	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
calabaza blanca	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
campalpucini	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
camparpucani	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chal kumra	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
chal-kumra	Other	SEPASAL database (Kew, 1999)
chalkumra	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
chinese preserving-melon	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
chinese waxgourd peel	Other	Illus. Chinese Materia Medica (Wu, 2005) Pharmacopoeia of China (2005) Pharmacopoeia of China (2010)
chinese-watermelon	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
courge cireuse	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
courge à cire	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
cumbulam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
dong gua	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000)
dong gua pi	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Illus. Chinese Materia Medica (Wu, 2005)
dong gua ye	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000)
dong gua zi	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Taiwan Herbal Pharmacop. 3rd Chinese ed. (MOHW, 2018)
dong gua zih	Other	Taiwan Herbal Pharmacop. 3rd Chinese ed. (MOHW, 2018)
dong-kua	Other	SEPASAL database (Kew, 1999)
donga	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
dongguapi	Other	Pharmacopoeia of China (2005) Pharmacopoeia of China (2010) Pharmacopoeia of China (2015)
exocarpium benincasae	Pharmaceutical	Illus. Chinese Materia Medica (Wu, 2005) Pharmacopoeia of China (2005)
garmyakarkaki	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
ghrinavasa	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
gol-kaddu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) SEPASAL database (Kew, 1999)
golkaddu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
gramyakarkati	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
gummidi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kadu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kaggumbala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kakharu	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
kaliyanap pucani	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kaliyanappucini	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kaliyanappucunai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kalyan-pooshini	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kalyana pucani	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kalyanappushinikkay	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
kalyanapucini	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kargumbala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
karkaru	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
karkotika	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
khola	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kohala	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
kohalu	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
kondha	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
kooshmaanda	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kotai-p-pucani	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ku-sma-nda-ka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kucumantam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kudimah	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
kulppantakkay	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kulppantam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kumbalam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kumbalanga	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
kumbhanda	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
kumbhaphala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kumittikkay	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kumittikkaykkoti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kummattikkay	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kumpalam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
kumpalanga pacha	Other	Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008)
kumpalanna	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
kumra	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
kundor	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
kundur	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
kunjaphala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
kunmatakkay	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kushmand	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
kushmanda	Other	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) SEPASAL database (Kew, 1999) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
kushmandaka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
kushmandi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
kushpandaha	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kusmanda	Other	Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kusmandaka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kusmandika	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kusmantam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kūṣmāṇḍa (fruit)	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
majdab	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
majdabh	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
makakumpi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
makapalikakkoti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
makapalikam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maruntitumuriyappanni	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mattupparanki	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mattuppucani	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
motacam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
nagapushpaphala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
nantippucani	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
nantippucanikkoti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
nantippucini	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
nasapushpaphala	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
nirruppucani	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
nirruppucini	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
paitha	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
panikakharu	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
paranki	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
parankikkay	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pastèque de chine	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
pattirapani	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pendli-gummadi-kaya	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pendligummadikaaya	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pendligummadikaya	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
perumpucani	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
perumpucanikkay	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
perumpucini	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
petha	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) SEPASAL database (Kew, 1999) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
phuthia	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
pitapushpa	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
pooshanikkai	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
pucani	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pucanik kay	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pulla	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pusanikkai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
pushani kai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pushini	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
pushpaphala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
puspaphala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
puśpaphalam	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
raksa	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
safed kohalu	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
sandigumbala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
shikhivardhaka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
suphala	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
timisha	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
tung-kua	Other	SEPASAL database (Kew, 1999)
tōgan	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
valliphala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
valliphalah	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vaxpumpa	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
vellaippucani	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vellaippucanikkay	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ven poosani	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
venpucini	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
venpuncani	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
wachskürbis	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
wax gourd	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) SEPASAL database (Kew, 1999)
waxgourd	Other	Taiwan Herbal Pharmacop. 3rd Chinese ed. (MOHW, 2018)
white gour	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
white gourd	Other	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) SEPASAL database (Kew, 1999)
white guard melon	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
white pumpkin	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000)
winter melon	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Illus. Chinese Materia Medica (Wu, 2005) SEPASAL database (Kew, 1999) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
අළු පුහුල්	Other	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020)
トウガシ	Other	Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 16th edn. (2012)
冬瓜子	Other	Taiwan Herbal Pharmacop. 3rd Chinese ed. (MOHW, 2018)

Part(s) of plant used:	Drug form:	Medicinal source:
exocarp	dried exocarp	Pharmacopoeia of China (2010)
fruit	dried exocarp	Illus. Chinese Materia Medica (Wu, 2005)
Flower, Fruit, Leaves, Root, Seeds, Stem		Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020)
Fruit, root		Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ripe seed	dried ripe seed	Taiwan Herbal Pharmacop. 3rd Chinese ed. (MOHW, 2018)
leaf, fruit, fruit exocarp, seed		Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000)
fruit		Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
exocarp	dried exocarp	Pharmacopoeia of China (2005)
seed	seed	Japanese Pharmacopoeia 15th edn. (2006)
fruit	dried pieces of fruit	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
seed		Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia (2002)
seed	seeds	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
Fruit		Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008)
seed		Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 16th edn. (2012)

Kew's taxonomic resources include 24 scientific synonym(s) for this plant:

synonym
Benincasa cerifera Savi Bibliot. Ital. (Milan) 9: 158 (1818).
Benincasa hispida var. chieh-qua F.C.How Acta Phytotax. Sin. 3: 76 (1954).
Cucurbita farinosa Blume Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 931 (1826).
Cucurbita hispida Thunb. in J.A.Murray (ed.), Syst. Veg. ed. 14: 868 (1784).
Cucurbita littoralis Hassk. Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor. Alt.: 190 (1844).
Cucurbita villosa Blume Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 931 (1826).
Lagenaria siceraria var. hispida (Thunb.) H.Hara Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 61: 5 (1948).
Benincasa cerifera f. emarginata K.Kimura & H.Sugiy. J. Jap. Bot. 36: 70 (1961).
Benincasa cylindrica Ser. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 3: 303 (1828), pro syn.
Benincasa pruriens (Parkinson) W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes Reinwardtia 12: 268 (2008), not validly publ.
Benincasa pruriens f. hispida (Thunb.) W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes Sandakania 17: 47 (2008).
Benincasa vacua (F.Muell.) F.Muell. Syst. Census Austral. Pl. 1: 76 (1882).
Cucurbita alba Roxb. ex Wight & Arn. Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 344 (1834).
Cucurbita cerifera Fisch. ex Savi Bibliot. Ital. (Milan) 9: 158 (1818).
Cucurbita pruriens Seem. J. Bot. 2: 50 (1864).
Cucurbita pruriens Parkinson J. Voy. South Seas: 44 (1773), nom. subnud.
Cucurbita vacua F.Muell. Fragm. 6: 186 (1868).
Gymnopetalum septemlobum Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(1): 679 (1856).
Lagenaria dasystemon Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2: 81 (1865).
Lagenaria leucantha var. clavata Makino Ill. Fl. Nippon: 89 (1940).
Lagenaria leucantha var. hispida (Thunb.) Nakai J. Jap. Bot. 18: 24 (1942).
Lagenaria vulgaris var. hispida (Thunb.) Nakai Index Seminum (TI, Tokyo) 1932: 38 (1932).
Pepo farinosus (Blume) Peterm. Pflanzenreich: 438 (1838-1845).
Pepo villosus (Blume) Peterm. Pflanzenreich: 438 (1838-1845).

This plant is cited in medicinal sources using the following names:

Name as published:	Medicinal source:
Benincasa cerifera Savi	Conservation of Indonesian Medicinal Plants (Cahyaningsih, 2020) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Japanese Pharmacopoeia 15th edn. (2006) Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 16th edn. (2012) SOTWP 2016: Kew Economic Botany Collection (2015) Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)
Benincasa hispida	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020) Conservation of Indonesian Medicinal Plants (Cahyaningsih, 2020) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) SOTWP 2016: Kew Economic Botany Collection (2015)
Benincasa hispida (Thunb. ex Murray) Cogn.	SOTWP 2016: PROTA (2015)
Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008) Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2015) GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Illus. Chinese Materia Medica (Wu, 2005) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Pharmacopoeia of China (2005) Pharmacopoeia of China (2010) Pharmacopoeia of China (2015) Taiwan Herbal Pharmacop. 3rd Chinese ed. (MOHW, 2018) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019) World Dictionary of Med. & Pois. Pl. (Quattrocchi, 2012) Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)
Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. in DC.	A Check-list of the Korean Cultivated Plants (Mun-Chan et al., 1986)
Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. var. chieh-qua How	Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)
Benincasa hispida (Thunb.)Cogn.	SEPASAL database (Kew, 1999)
Benincasa hispida Cogn.	Conservation of Indonesian Medicinal Plants (Cahyaningsih, 2020) SOTWP 2016: Kew Economic Botany Collection (2015)
Benincasa hispida Cogniaux.	Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia (2002)
Benincasa hispida Thunb.	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
Benincasia cerifera	Substances in Medicines, Australia (TGA, 2007)
Benincasia cerifera Savi	Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997)
Cucurbita farinosa Bl.	Conservation of Indonesian Medicinal Plants (Cahyaningsih, 2020)
Cucurbita hispida Thunb.	Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)
Cucurbita littolaris Hassk	Conservation of Indonesian Medicinal Plants (Cahyaningsih, 2020)
Cucurbita villosa Bl.	Conservation of Indonesian Medicinal Plants (Cahyaningsih, 2020)
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standi. var. hispida (Thunb.) Hara	Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)

The following online resources may contain further information about this plant. Please click on any link to search that resource. You may search using the accepted name alone OR using the accepted name and all of its synonyms simultaneously.

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