Plant Details

Accepted name:

Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. [Apocynaceae]

Source of taxonomy and confidence:

World Checklist ( )

Information about this plant:

Plants of the World Online

Non-scientific name:	Class of name:	Medicinal source:
aadigam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
adigam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ajaballi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ajaghandini	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ajaglandini	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
ajashrajgi	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
ajashrangi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ajashringi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ajashringika	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ajasringi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ajasrngi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Siddha Pharmacopoeia India, vol. 1 (2008)
ajaśṛṅgī	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
ajāśṛṅgī	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
akshibheshaja	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
aliyakam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amudupudbam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amudupushpam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amutaccevitam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amutacevitam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amutapuram	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amutapuspacceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amutaputpam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amutupuram	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
anyada	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ariyakam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
atavankani	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
atikam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
attikkolikacceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
attikolikam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
australian cowplant	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
avartini	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ayagam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bahalchakshu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
barkista	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bedaki	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
bedakuli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
bisharni	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bodaapathri	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bodaparta	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cakaca	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cakacacceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cakkan	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cakkaraikkolli	Other	Siddha Pharmacopoeia India, vol. 1 (2008)
cakkarakkolli	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Siddha Pharmacopoeia India, vol. 1 (2008) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
calakacceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
calakam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
carkkarai kolli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chakrashreni	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chakshu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chakshurbahala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chakshushya	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chhota-dudhilata	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chhotadudhilata	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chi geng teng	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
chiru-kurinchan	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ciru kurincan	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ciru kurincan ver	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cirukurinca	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cirukurincacceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cirukurincan	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
citcuciyam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cittiram	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cittiratam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ciṟukuṟiñcāṉ vēr (root)	Other	Siddha Pharmacopoeia India, vol. 1 (2008)
cornavatiyatimatukam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
dhulcti	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
dji/numseele	Other	SEPASAL database (Kew, 1999)
dǔn tiàng	Other	Med. Plants of Limu Mountains, China (Zheng, 2013)
gadalshingi	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
gorshar	Other	Med. Pl. for Diabetes in Dhaka, Bangladesh (Ocvirk et al., 2013)
grihadruma	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
gudmaar	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Siddha Pharmacopoeia India, vol. 1 (2008) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
gudmar	Other	Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
gudmara	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
gurmar	Other	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
gurmar booti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
gurmar buti	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
gurmar patta	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
gymnema	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 37 (2013) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 39 (2016) WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019)
hiriya kaage donde	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
jangli urad	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
jangli-urad	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
julmar	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kaabalee	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kaalikaradodi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kaavalee	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Siddha Pharmacopoeia India, vol. 1 (2008) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
kadasige	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kadhasige	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Siddha Pharmacopoeia India, vol. 1 (2008) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
kalikardori	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kannu minnayam kodi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kaoli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
karadodee	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
karnika	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
katuvalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kavali	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kavli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kista	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kitcuciyam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kogilam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kokila	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kokilacceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kokilam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kokulam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kotikkurinca	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kshinavartta	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kulalitaccam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kurintai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kuriyaparani	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maccirunki	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
madhunaasha	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
madhunaashini	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Siddha Pharmacopoeia India, vol. 1 (2008) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
madhunasini	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Siddha Pharmacopoeia India, vol. 1 (2008)
madhunāśinī	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
madphali	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maragadaka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mard shingi	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
masbedda	Other	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020)
maurvi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
med phale	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
medashrangi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
medhaa singee	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
medhaashingi	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Siddha Pharmacopoeia India, vol. 1 (2008) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
medhaasingee	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Siddha Pharmacopoeia India, vol. 1 (2008) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
medhashingi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
medhasinge	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Siddha Pharmacopoeia India, vol. 1 (2008) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
medhasingi	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Med. Pl. for Diabetes in Dhaka, Bangladesh (Ocvirk et al., 2013) Siddha Pharmacopoeia India, vol. 1 (2008) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
medhrashingi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
meghaballi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mendhasingi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
merara	Other	SEPASAL database (Kew, 1999)
merasimgi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
merasingi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
mesacirunki	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mesarngi	Other	Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008)
mesasrngi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Siddha Pharmacopoeia India, vol. 1 (2008)
mesharingi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
meshashiringi	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
meshashrangi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
meshashringi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
meshasingi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
meshasringi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
meshavalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
meshavishanika	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
meshshringi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
meṣaśṛṅgī (leaf)	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
meṣaśṛṅgī (root)	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
miracle fruit	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
miracle-fruit	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
muttupparappi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
muva kiriwel	Other	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020)
natayantanancari	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
netraushadhi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
nocitacceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
nocitam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
omudhingila	Other	SEPASAL database (Kew, 1999)
panatantiri	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
parapatraha	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
passaam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
patavirutcam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
periploca of the wood	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
periploca of the woods	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Siddha Pharmacopoeia India, vol. 1 (2008) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
poda patri	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
podapathri	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
podapatra	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
podapatri	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
podapatro	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
potla podra	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
puliyam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pulliyacceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
purkurinci	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
purukurincicceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
putla-podra	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
putlapodara	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
putlapodra	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
putrashringi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
putta podara	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
puttapodara	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
puttapodra	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ram's-horn	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
ruku	Other	SEPASAL database (Kew, 1999)
sa si nga	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sa sri ngi (p)	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sakkarai kolli kodi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sakkaraikkolli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sanna garase humbu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sannagera	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sannagera sehambu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sannagerase hambu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sannagerasehambu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sannagersehambu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sannaggera	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sappe soppu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sarpadanshtrika	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sarpadarushtrika	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sennagerse	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
shagasharam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
shakkaraikkolli	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
shiru kurunja	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
shiru-kurunja	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
shirukurinja	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
shirukurum kaay	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
shirukurumkaay	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
sirroo coorinja vayr	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
siru-kurinjan	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sirukurincha	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sirukurinjan	Other	Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sirukurumkay	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sirukurunja	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
small indian ipecacuanha	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
tetcanavirutci	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tiktadughdha	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tiruparani	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
unmantaki	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
unmattaki	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
urigamaare	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
uriyamaare	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
uriyamare	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vakandi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vakhande	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vakundi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vartika	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vishani	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vishanika	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vrikshikali	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
මස්බැද්ද	Other	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020)
මුව කිරි වැල්	Other	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020)

Part(s) of plant used:	Drug form:	Medicinal source:
leaves		Med. Plants of Limu Mountains, China (Zheng, 2013)
leaf	dried leaves	U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 39 (2016)
Leaf		WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019)
Bark of the root, Leaves, Root		Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020)
Bark		Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
leaf		Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
leaf	dried leaf	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
leaf	dried leaf	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
Leaf		Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008)
root	root	Siddha Pharmacopoeia India, vol. 1 (2008)
leaf	dried leaves	U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 37 (2013)

Kew's taxonomic resources include 21 scientific synonym(s) for this plant:

synonym
Gymnema affine Decne. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 8: 622 (1844).
Gymnema alterniflorum (Lour.) Merr. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n.s., 24(2): 318 (1935).
Marsdenia sylvestris (Retz.) P.I.Forst. Austral. Syst. Bot. 8: 694 (1995).
Periploca sylvestris Retz. Observ. Bot. 2: 15 (1781).
Apocynum alterniflorum Lour. Fl. Cochinch.: 168 (1790).
Asclepias geminata Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 2: 45 (1832).
Conocalpis umbellata Bojer ex Decne. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 8: 621 (1844).
Cynanchum senegalense Sieber ex Decne. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 8: 621 (1844), not validly publ.
Cynanchum subvolubile Schumach. & Thonn. in C.F.Schumacher, Beskr. Guin. Pl.: 150 (1827).
Gymnema formosanum Schltr. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 3: 307 (1907).
Gymnema humile Decne. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 8: 621 (1844).
Gymnema melicida Edgew. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 21: 174 (1852).
Gymnema mkenii Harv. Gen. S. Afr. Pl., ed. 2: 239 (1868), nom. nud.
Gymnema parvifolium Wall. Tent. Fl. Napal.: 50 (1826).
Gymnema rufescens Decne. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 9: 277 (1838).
Gymnema subvolubile (Schumach. & Thonn.) Decne. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 9: 277 (1838).
Gymnema sylvestre var. affine (Decne.) Tsiang Sunyatsenia 2: 197 (1934).
Gymnema sylvestre var. ceylanicum Hook.f. Fl. Brit. India 4: 29 (1883).
Gymnema sylvestre var. chinense Benth. Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 5: 54 (1853).
Periploca tenuifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis 6: 129 (1820), nom. illeg.
Strophanthus alterniflorus (Lour.) Spreng. Syst. Veg., 1: 638 (1824).

This plant is cited in medicinal sources using the following names:

Name as published:	Medicinal source:
Gymnema affine Decne.	Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)
Gymnema alterniflorum Merr.	Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)
Gymnema sylvestre	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020) Conservation of Indonesian Medicinal Plants (Cahyaningsih, 2020) Handbook African Med. Pl. (Iwu, 1993) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) Substances in Medicines, Australia (TGA, 2007)
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br. ex Schult.	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Med. Plants of Limu Mountains, China (Zheng, 2013) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 37 (2013) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 39 (2016) World Dictionary of Med. & Pois. Pl. (Quattrocchi, 2012)
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.br. Ex Sm.	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Schult.	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Med. and Magical Pl. of S. Africa (Arnold et al., 2002) SOTWP 2016: Kew Economic Botany Collection (2015) SOTWP 2016: PROTA (2015) SOTWP 2016: Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa (2015) WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019) Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)
Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.	Med. Pl. for Diabetes in Dhaka, Bangladesh (Ocvirk et al., 2013) Siddha Pharmacopoeia India, vol. 1 (2008)
Gymnema sylvestre R.Br.	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. ex Schult.	Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008) Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2015)
Gymnema sylvestre R.Brown	Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997)
Marsdenia sylvestris (Retz.) P.I.Forst.	SEPASAL database (Kew, 1999)
Periploca sylvestris Retz.	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)

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