Plant Details

Accepted name:: Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. [Asteraceae]
More about this plant:: Plants of the World Online
Source:: World Checklist of Vascular Plants

Non-scientific name:	Class of name:	Medicinal source:
akrab	Other	Trad. Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
akùb	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
artichnuat sauvage	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
a’koub	Other	Med. Pl. in Jordan (Oran, 1998)
blessed milk thistle	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013)
blessed thistle	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
bull thistle	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
cardo asnal	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
cardo blanco	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020) WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
cardo de burro	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
cardo de maría	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
cardo lechero	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
cardo mariano	Other	Annexo III: Veg. Drugs in Registry of Meds, Argentina (2009) Duke's Ethnobot. DB: Ethnobot. (USDA, 1992-2016) GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) Tlayeyecolpahtli. Med. Experim., Mexico (Fernández Martínez et al., 2021) WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004) WHODrug Herbal Substances 2019 (WHO-UMC, 2019) WHODrug Herbal Substances 2024 (WHO-UMC, 2024)
cardo mariano, fruto	Other	Farmacopea Argentina, 8th edn. (2012) Farmacopea Herbolaria Mexicanos (2013)
cardo-leiteiro	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
cardui mariae fructus	Pharmaceutical	E-Kommission: Unapproved Status (1984-1994) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
cardui mariae herba	Pharmaceutical	E-Kommission: Approved Status (1984-1994)
carduo mariano	Other	Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
carduus marianus	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacop. (HPUS, 2009)
chardon argente	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
chardon argenté	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
chardon marie	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) Pl. Méd. de la Pharmacop.: Liste A (2000)
chardon-marie	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
cì fú jì cǎo	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
frauendistelfrüchte	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
fructus cardui mariae	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004) WHODrug Herbal Substances, Suppl. 2023 (WHO-UMC, 2023)
fructus silybi	Pharmaceutical	Pharmacop. of China (2005)
fructus silybi mariae	Pharmaceutical	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
fruit de chardon marie	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
fruit of silybum marianum	Other	Pharmacop. of China (2005) Pharmacop. of China (2010)
gaourokavlos	Other	Wild Edible Pl. of Paphos & Larnaca of Cyprus (Della et al., 2006)
gundagai thistle	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
holy or milk thistle	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
holy thistle	Other	Duke's Ethnobot. DB: Ethnobot. (USDA, 1992-2016) GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007) National List of Med. Pl. in Palestine (Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2014) WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
kandyara	Other	Med. Floral Knwlg. of Sarban Hills, Pakistan (Ijaz et al., 2016)
kanger	Other	Duke's Ethnobot. DB: Ethnobot. (USDA, 1992-2016)
kenger	Other	Duke's Ethnobot. DB: Ethnobot. (USDA, 1992-2016)
kenguel	Other	Kew's Economic Botany Collection (RBG, Kew, 2020)
kenguel seed	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
khar-khangeloo	Other	Survey in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad, Iran (Mosaddegh et al., 2012)
khare maryam	Other	Med. Pl. in Markets of Mashhad, Iran (Amiri & Joharchi, 2013)
kharoozeh	Other	Survey in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad, Iran (Mosaddegh et al., 2012)
kharshat barri	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
khorfeish	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
khurfaysh ul-jimal	Other	Med. Pl. in Jordan (Oran, 1998)
khār-e-maryam	Other	Trad. Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
kocakavkas	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
ku'ub	Other	Duke's Ethnobot. DB: Ethnobot. (USDA, 1992-2016)
kuub	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
lady's thistle	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Herbal Meds., 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007)
lady’s milk	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
lady’s thistle	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
lahlah	Other	Med. Pl. in Jordan (Oran, 1998)
lait de notre dame	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
lǎo shǔ 竻	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
maria-azami	Other	Duke's Ethnobot. DB: Ethnobot. (USDA, 1992-2016)
marian thistle	Other	Herbal Meds., 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
mariatistel	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
mariazami	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
mariendistel	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
mariendistelfrüchte	Other	E-Kommission: Unapproved Status (1984-1994) WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
mariendistelkraut	Other	E-Kommission: Approved Status (1984-1994)
marienkörner	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
maritighal	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
mary's thistle	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000)
mediterranean milk thistle	Other	Herbal Meds., 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007)
meryemana dikeni	Other	Med. Pl. Trade Turkey (Özhatay et al., 1997)
meryemanadikeni	Other	Duke's Ethnobot. DB: Ethnobot. (USDA, 1992-2016)
mild marian thistle	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
milk thistle	Other	Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008) Ethnomedica (RBG, Kew, 2020) GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Herbal Meds., 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007) Kew's Economic Botany Collection (RBG, Kew, 2020) Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013) Pl. Used by Inhabitants of Ajloun, Jordan (Al-Quran, 2015) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacop. (HPUS, 2009) U.S. Pharmacop. USP 32 (2008) U.S. Pharmacop. USP 37 (2013) U.S. Pharmacop. USP 39 (2016) U.S. Pharmacop. USP 43 (2020) WHODrug Herbal Substances 2019 (WHO-UMC, 2019) WHODrug Herbal Substances 2024 (WHO-UMC, 2024)
milk-thistle	Other	Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
milk-thistle fruit	Other	British Pharmacop. 2009, Vol. 4 (2008) British Pharmacop. 2012, Vol. 4 (2011) British Pharmacop. 2015, Vol. 4 (2014) European Pharmacop., 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacop., 7th edn. (2012) WHODrug Herbal Substances, Suppl. 2023 (WHO-UMC, 2023)
milkthistle	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
milky thistle	Other	National List of Med. Pl. in Palestine (Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2014)
máriatövis-termés	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
nerokavlos	Other	Wild Edible Pl. of Paphos & Larnaca of Cyprus (Della et al., 2006)
nǎi jì	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
ostro-pestro	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
patsalokavlos	Other	Wild Edible Pl. of Paphos & Larnaca of Cyprus (Della et al., 2006)
pternix	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
ra	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
rastoropsha pyatnistaya	Other	Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013)
shaloh	Other	Ethnobot. of Pl. in N Jordan (Nawash et al., 2014)
shauk mariam	Other	Trad. Med. in Syria: Folk Med. in Aleppo (Alachkara et al., 2011)
shawkeddiman	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
shui fei ji	Other	TCM Pl. for Syst. Bio. Evaluation (Eisenberg et al., 2011)
shuifeiji	Other	Pharmacop. of China (2005) Pharmacop. of China (2010) Pharmacop. of China (2015)
shuǐ fēi jì	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
shuǐ fēi zhì	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
silberdistil	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
silybe	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
silybi fructus	Pharmaceutical	Pharmacop. of China (2010) Pharmacop. of China (2015)
silybi mariani fructus	Pharmaceutical	European Pharmacop., 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacop., 7th edn. (2012)
silybon	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
silybum	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
silymarin	Other	Philippine Herbal Med. (Alvarez, 2005-2022) WHODrug Herbal Substances 2019 (WHO-UMC, 2019) WHODrug Herbal Substances 2024 (WHO-UMC, 2024)
st mary's thistle.	Other	Herbal Meds., 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007)
st mary’sthistle	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
st. mary's thistle	Other	Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacop. (HPUS, 2009)
st.mary's thistle	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
thistle	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
thistle of the blessed virgin	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
thistle, lady's	Other	Duke's Ethnobot. DB: Ethnobot. (USDA, 1992-2016)
true thistle	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
variegated marian thistle	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
variegated thistle	Other	Duke's Ethnobot. DB: Ethnobot. (USDA, 1992-2016)
wrejakai	Other	Med. Pl. of Tehsil Charbagh, Pakistan (Khan et al., 2015)
épine blanche	Other	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
γαουρόκαυλος	Other	Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016)
κατσάμπουνος	Other	Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016)
περτικοκαυλίν	Other	Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016)
خار مریم	Other	Trad. Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
خرفيش الجمال	Other	Med. Pl. in Jordan (Oran, 1998)
سنارية‬	Other	National List of Med. Pl. in Palestine (Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2014)
شوك مريم	Other	Trad. Med. in Syria: Folk Med. in Aleppo (Alachkara et al., 2011)
عكرب	Other	Trad. Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
عكوب	Other	Med. Pl. in Jordan (Oran, 1998)
لحلاح	Other	Med. Pl. in Jordan (Oran, 1998)
‫خرفيش الجمال	Other	National List of Med. Pl. in Palestine (Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2014)
奶蓟	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
水飞蓟	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Chinese Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) TCM Pl. for Syst. Bio. Evaluation (Eisenberg et al., 2011)
水飞雉	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
老鼠竻	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
赐福蓟草	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)

Part(s) of plant used:	Drug form:	Medicinal source:
fruit	dried ripe fruit	Pharmacop. of China (2010)
fruit		British Pharmacop. 2015, Vol. 4 (2014)
fruit		Pl. Méd. de la Pharmacop.: Liste A (2000)
Seeds, stem		Survey in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad, Iran (Mosaddegh et al., 2012)
Fruto	Fruto maduro seco	Annexo III: Veg. Drugs in Registry of Meds, Argentina (2009)
fruit	dried ripe fruit, the pappus having been removed	U.S. Pharmacop. USP 39 (2016)
Seeds		Med. Floral Knwlg. of Sarban Hills, Pakistan (Ijaz et al., 2016)
Fruits, herb		Herbal Meds., 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007)
Whole plant		Trad. Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
Root, Herb, Seed, Fruit	Dry fruit, Oil	WHODrug Herbal Substances 2019 (WHO-UMC, 2019)
leaves, stems	young stems	Wild Edible Pl. of Paphos & Larnaca of Cyprus (Della et al., 2006)
leaves, flowers		Trad. Med. in Syria: Folk Med. in Aleppo (Alachkara et al., 2011)
seed, whole shoot system		Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
seeds, leaves, fruits		Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
seeds		Tlayeyecolpahtli. Med. Experim., Mexico (Fernández Martínez et al., 2021)
flower		Med. Pl. of Tehsil Charbagh, Pakistan (Khan et al., 2015)
Aerial parts		Pl. Used by Inhabitants of Ajloun, Jordan (Al-Quran, 2015)
seed, leaves		Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
seed		Med. Pl. in Markets of Mashhad, Iran (Amiri & Joharchi, 2013)
fruit		WHODrug Herbal Substances, Suppl. 2023 (WHO-UMC, 2023)
fruit, seed, herb, root	dry fruit	WHODrug Herbal Substances 2024 (WHO-UMC, 2024)
fruit	ripe fruit	U.S. Pharmacop. USP 43 (2020)
leaf		Med. Pl. Trade Turkey (Özhatay et al., 1997)
fruit	dried ripe fruit	WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
achenes		Med. Pl. in Jordan (Oran, 1998)
fruit, H		Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
fruit	dried ripe fruit	Pharmacop. of China (2005)
fruit	mature druit, devoid of the pappus	British Pharmacop. 2009, Vol. 4 (2008)
fruit	dried fruit	U.S. Pharmacop. USP 32 (2008)
fruit	mature fruit	European Pharmacop., 6th edn. (2007)
Fruit (Seed)		Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008)
fruit	Mature fruit, devoid of the pappus	European Pharmacop., 7th edn. (2012)
fruit	dried ripe fruit	U.S. Pharmacop. USP 37 (2013)
fruit	dried fruit	Farmacopea Argentina, 8th edn. (2012)
fruto	fruto maduro desprovisto del vilano	Farmacopea Herbolaria Mexicanos (2013)
leaves, seeds, roots		Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013)

Kew's taxonomic resources include 19 scientific synonym(s) for this plant:

Carduus marianus L. Sp. Pl.: 823 (1753).
Carduus lactifolius Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 4: 141 (1812), nom. superfl.
Carduus mariae Crantz Inst. Rei Herb. 1: 248 (1766).
Carduus versicolor Salisb. Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 185 (1796), nom. superfl.
Carthamus maculatus (Scop.) Lam. Encycl. 1: 638 (1785).
Centaurea dalmatica Fraas Syn. Pl. Fl. Class.: 204 (1845).
Cirsium maculatum Scop. Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 2: 130 (1771).
Mariacantha maculosa Bubani Fl. Pyren. 2: 150 (1899).
Mariana lactea Hill Herb. Brit. 1: 75 (1769), nom. superfl.
Mariana mariana Hill Hort. Kew.: 61 (1768).
Silybum intermedium Willk. Index Seminum (TU, Dorpatensis) 1869: 6 (1869).
Silybum leucanthum Jord. & Fourr. Brev. Pl. Nov. 2: 83 (1868).
Silybum maculatum (Scop.) Moench Methodus: 555 (1794).
Silybum mariae (Crantz) Gray Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 436 (1821 publ. 1822).
Silybum mariae var. unicolor Gray Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 436 (1821 publ. 1822).
Silybum marianum var. albiflorum Eig Bull. Inst. Agric. Nat. Hist. Tel-Aviv 6: 44 (1927).
Silybum marianum subsp. anatolicum Meriçli Istanbul Üniv. Eczac. Fak. Mecm. 19: 60 (1983).
Silybum marianum var. longispinum Lamotte Prodr. Fl. Plat. Centr. 2: 424 (1881).
Silybum pygmaeum Cass. in G.-F.Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat., ed. 2. 50: 469 (1827).

This plant is cited in medicinal sources using the following names:

Name as published:	Medicinal source:
Carduus marianus	Med. Fitoterápicos no Brasil (Carvalho et al., 2008)
Carduus marianus L.	Med. Pl. in the Medit.: Project Rubia (Gonzalez-Tejero et al., 2008) Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)
Silybum marianum	Duke's Ethnobot. DB: Ethnobot. (USDA, 1992-2016) Ethnomedica (RBG, Kew, 2020) Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007) Med. Fitoterápicos no Brasil (Carvalho et al., 2008) Med. Pl. Trade Turkey (Özhatay et al., 1997) Med. Pl. and Extracts Market News Service (Brinkmann et al., 2009) Philippine Herbal Med. (Alvarez, 2005-2022) Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) Substances in Meds., Australia (TGA, 2007) Tlayeyecolpahtli. Med. Experim., Mexico (Fernández Martínez et al., 2021) Trad. Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
Silybum marianum (L) Gaertner	Annexo III: Veg. Drugs in Registry of Meds, Argentina (2009)
Silybum marianum (L). Gaertner	Farmacopea Herbolaria Mexicanos (2013)
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaerth	Polyglot Asian Med.: Chinese Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn	Ethnobot. of Pl. in N Jordan (Nawash et al., 2014) Med. Floral Knwlg. of Sarban Hills, Pakistan (Ijaz et al., 2016) Med. Herbs Israel (Said et al., 2002) National List of Med. Pl. in Palestine (Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2014)
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.	Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008) Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2017) GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020) Hagers Handbuch (Hänsel et al., 1992-1998) Herbal Meds., 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007) Kew's Economic Botany Collection (RBG, Kew, 2020) Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013) Med. Pl. in Markets of Mashhad, Iran (Amiri & Joharchi, 2013) Med. Pl. in Sardinia & Sicily: Sardinian Subset (Leonti et al., 2009) Med. Pl. in Sardinia & Sicily: Sicilian Subset (Leonti et al., 2009) Med. Pl. of Tehsil Charbagh, Pakistan (Khan et al., 2015) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) Med. and Magical Pl. of S Africa (Arnold et al., 2002) Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016) Pharmacop. of China (2005) Pharmacop. of China (2010) Pharmacop. of China (2015) Pl. Used by Inhabitants of Ajloun, Jordan (Al-Quran, 2015) Polyglot Asian Med.: Chinese Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) Survey in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad, Iran (Mosaddegh et al., 2012) TCM Pl. for Syst. Bio. Evaluation (Eisenberg et al., 2011) Trad. Med. in Syria: Folk Med. in Aleppo (Alachkara et al., 2011) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacop. (HPUS, 2009) U.S. Pharmacop. USP 32 (2008) U.S. Pharmacop. USP 37 (2013) U.S. Pharmacop. USP 39 (2016) U.S. Pharmacop. USP 43 (2020) WHO Monog. Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004) WHODrug Herbal Substances 2019 (WHO-UMC, 2019) WHODrug Herbal Substances 2024 (WHO-UMC, 2024) WHODrug Herbal Substances, Suppl. 2023 (WHO-UMC, 2023) World Checklist of Useful Pl. Spp. (Diazgranados et al., 2020) World Dictionary of Med. & Pois. Pl. (Quattrocchi, 2012) Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner	British Pharmacop. 2009, Vol. 4 (2008) E-Kommission: Approved Status (1984-1994) E-Kommission: Unapproved Status (1984-1994) Ethnobot. in W Granada Province, Spain (Benítez et al., 2010) Farmacopea Argentina, 8th edn. (2012) Med. Pl. in Jordan (Oran, 1998) Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997) Wild Edible Pl. of Paphos & Larnaca of Cyprus (Della et al., 2006)
Silybum marianum (L.)Gaertner	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999) SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Silybum marianum Gaertn.	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Kew's Economic Botany Collection (RBG, Kew, 2020) Med. Pl. of Brazil (Mors et al., 2000) Pl. Méd. de la Pharmacop.: Liste A (2000)
Silybum marianum L. Gaertner	British Pharmacop. 2012, Vol. 4 (2011) British Pharmacop. 2015, Vol. 4 (2014) European Pharmacop., 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacop., 7th edn. (2012)

The following online resources may contain further information about this plant. Please click on any link to search that resource. You may search using the accepted name alone OR using the accepted name and all of its synonyms simultaneously.