Plant Details

Accepted name:: Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. [Asteraceae]
Source:: World Checklist ( Medium Taxonomic Confidence )
More about this plant:: Plants of the World Online

Non-scientific name:	Class of name:	Medicinal source:
akrab	Other	Tradit. Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
akùb	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
artichnuat sauvage	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
a’koub	Other	Med. Pl. in Jordan (Oran, 1998)
blessed milk thistle	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013)
blessed thistle	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
bull thistle	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
cardo asnal	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
cardo blanco	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
cardo de burro	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
cardo de maría	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
cardo lechero	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
cardo mariano	Other	Annexo III: Veg. Drugs in Registry of Meds, Argentina (2009) GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004) WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019)
cardo mariano, fruto	Other	Farmacopea Argentina, 8th edn. (2012) Farmacopea Herbolaria Mexicanos (2013)
cardo-leiteiro	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
cardui mariae fructus	Pharmaceutical	E-Kommission: Unapproved Status (1984-1994) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
cardui mariae herba	Pharmaceutical	E-Kommission: Approved Status (1984-1994)
carduo mariano	Other	Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
carduus marianus	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009)
chardon argente	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
chardon argenté	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
chardon marie	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) Pl. Méd. de la Pharmacopée: Liste A (2000)
chardon-marie	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
cì fú jì cǎo	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
frauendistelfrüchte	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
fructus cardui mariae	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004) WHODrug Herbal Substances, Suppl. 2023 (WHO-UMC, 2023)
fructus silybi	Pharmaceutical	Pharmacopoeia of China (2005)
fructus silybi mariae	Pharmaceutical	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
fruit de chardon marie	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
fruit of silybum marianum	Other	Pharmacopoeia of China (2005) Pharmacopoeia of China (2010)
gaourokavlos	Other	Wild Edible Pls. of Paphos & Larnaca of Cyprus (Della et al., 2006)
gundagai thistle	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
holy or milk thistle	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
holy thistle	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007) National List of Med. Pl. in Palestine (Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2014) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
kandyara	Other	Med. Floral Knwlg. of Sarban Hills, Pakistan (Ijaz et al., 2016)
kenguel seed	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
khar-khangeloo	Other	Survey in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad, Iran (Mosaddegh et al., 2012)
khare maryam	Other	Med. Pl. in Markets of Mashhad, Iran (Amiri & Joharchi, 2013)
kharoozeh	Other	Survey in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad, Iran (Mosaddegh et al., 2012)
kharshat barri	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
khorfeish	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
khurfaysh ul-jimal	Other	Med. Pl. in Jordan (Oran, 1998)
khār-e-maryam	Other	Tradit. Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
kocakavkas	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
kuub	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
lady's thistle	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Herbal Meds., 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007)
lady’s milk	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
lady’s thistle	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
lahlah	Other	Med. Pl. in Jordan (Oran, 1998)
lait de notre dame	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
lǎo shǔ 竻	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
marian thistle	Other	Herbal Meds., 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
mariatistel	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
mariazami	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
mariendistel	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
mariendistelfrüchte	Other	E-Kommission: Unapproved Status (1984-1994) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
mariendistelkraut	Other	E-Kommission: Approved Status (1984-1994)
marienkörner	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
maritighal	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
mary's thistle	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000)
mediterranean milk thistle	Other	Herbal Meds., 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007)
meryemana dikeni	Other	Med. Pl. Trade Turkey (Özhatay et al., 1997)
mild marian thistle	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
milk thistle	Other	Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008) Ethnomedica (RBG, Kew, 2020) GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Herbal Meds., 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007) Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013) Pl. Used by Inhabitants of Ajloun, Jordan (Al-Quran, 2015) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 32 (2008) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 37 (2013) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 39 (2016) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 43 (2020) WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019)
milk-thistle	Other	Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
milk-thistle fruit	Other	British Pharmacopoeia 2009, Vol. 4 (2008) British Pharmacopoeia 2012, Vol. 4 (2011) British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014) European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012) WHODrug Herbal Substances, Suppl. 2023 (WHO-UMC, 2023)
milkthistle	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
milky thistle	Other	National List of Med. Pl. in Palestine (Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2014)
máriatövis-termés	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
nerokavlos	Other	Wild Edible Pls. of Paphos & Larnaca of Cyprus (Della et al., 2006)
nǎi jì	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
ostro-pestro	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
patsalokavlos	Other	Wild Edible Pls. of Paphos & Larnaca of Cyprus (Della et al., 2006)
pternix	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
ra	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
rastoropsha pyatnistaya	Other	Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013)
shaloh	Other	Ethnobot. of Pl. in N Jordan (Nawash et al., 2014)
shauk mariam	Other	Trad. Med. in Syria: Folk Med. in Aleppo (Alachkara et al., 2011)
shawkeddiman	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
shui fei ji	Other	TCM Plants for Syst. Bio. Evaluation (Eisenberg et al., 2011)
shuifeiji	Other	Pharmacopoeia of China (2005) Pharmacopoeia of China (2010) Pharmacopoeia of China (2015)
shuǐ fēi jì	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
shuǐ fēi zhì	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
silberdistil	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
silybe	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
silybi fructus	Pharmaceutical	Pharmacopoeia of China (2010) Pharmacopoeia of China (2015)
silybi mariani fructus	Pharmaceutical	European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012)
silybon	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
silybum	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
silymarin	Other	Philippine Herbal Med. (Alvarez, 2005-2022) WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019)
st mary's thistle.	Other	Herbal Meds., 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007)
st mary’sthistle	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
st. mary's thistle	Other	Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009)
st.mary's thistle	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
thistle	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
thistle of the blessed virgin	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
true thistle	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
variegated marian thistle	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
épine blanche	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
γαουρόκαυλος	Other	Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016)
κατσάμπουνος	Other	Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016)
περτικοκαυλίν	Other	Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016)
خار مریم	Other	Tradit. Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
خرفيش الجمال	Other	Med. Pl. in Jordan (Oran, 1998)
سنارية‬	Other	National List of Med. Pl. in Palestine (Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2014)
شوك مريم	Other	Trad. Med. in Syria: Folk Med. in Aleppo (Alachkara et al., 2011)
عكرب	Other	Tradit. Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
عكوب	Other	Med. Pl. in Jordan (Oran, 1998)
لحلاح	Other	Med. Pl. in Jordan (Oran, 1998)
‫خرفيش الجمال	Other	National List of Med. Pl. in Palestine (Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2014)
奶蓟	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
水飞蓟	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Chinese Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) TCM Plants for Syst. Bio. Evaluation (Eisenberg et al., 2011)
水飞雉	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
老鼠竻	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
赐福蓟草	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)

Part(s) of plant used:	Drug form:	Medicinal source:
fruit	dried ripe fruit	Pharmacopoeia of China (2010)
fruit		British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014)
fruit		Pl. Méd. de la Pharmacopée: Liste A (2000)
Seeds, stem		Survey in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad, Iran (Mosaddegh et al., 2012)
Fruto	Fruto maduro seco	Annexo III: Veg. Drugs in Registry of Meds, Argentina (2009)
fruit	dried ripe fruit, the pappus having been removed	U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 39 (2016)
Seeds		Med. Floral Knwlg. of Sarban Hills, Pakistan (Ijaz et al., 2016)
Fruits, herb		Herbal Meds., 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007)
Whole plant		Tradit. Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
Root, Herb, Seed, Fruit	Dry fruit, Oil	WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019)
leaves, young stems		Wild Edible Pls. of Paphos & Larnaca of Cyprus (Della et al., 2006)
seed, whole shoot system		Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
seeds, leaves, fruits		Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
Aerial parts		Pl. Used by Inhabitants of Ajloun, Jordan (Al-Quran, 2015)
seed, leaves		Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
seed		Med. Pl. in Markets of Mashhad, Iran (Amiri & Joharchi, 2013)
fruit		WHODrug Herbal Substances, Suppl. 2023 (WHO-UMC, 2023)
fruit	ripe fruit	U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 43 (2020)
leaf		Med. Pl. Trade Turkey (Özhatay et al., 1997)
fruit	dried ripe fruit	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004)
achenes		Med. Pl. in Jordan (Oran, 1998)
fruit, H		Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
fruit	dried ripe fruit	Pharmacopoeia of China (2005)
fruit	mature druit, devoid of the pappus	British Pharmacopoeia 2009, Vol. 4 (2008)
fruit	dried fruit	U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 32 (2008)
fruit	mature fruit	European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007)
Fruit (Seed)		Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008)
fruit	Mature fruit, devoid of the pappus	European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012)
fruit	dried ripe fruit; the pappus having been removed	U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 37 (2013)
fruit	dried fruit	Farmacopea Argentina, 8th edn. (2012)
fruto maduro, desprovisto del vilano		Farmacopea Herbolaria Mexicanos (2013)
leaves, seeds, roots		Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013)

Kew's taxonomic resources include 19 scientific synonym(s) for this plant:

Carduus marianus L. Sp. Pl.: 823 (1753).
Carduus lactifolius Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 4: 141 (1812), nom. superfl.
Carduus mariae Crantz Inst. Rei Herb. 1: 248 (1766).
Carduus versicolor Salisb. Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 185 (1796), nom. superfl.
Carthamus maculatus (Scop.) Lam. Encycl. 1: 638 (1785).
Centaurea dalmatica Fraas Syn. Pl. Fl. Class.: 204 (1845).
Cirsium maculatum Scop. Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 2: 130 (1771).
Mariacantha maculosa Bubani Fl. Pyren. 2: 150 (1899).
Mariana lactea Hill Herb. Brit. 1: 75 (1769), nom. superfl.
Mariana mariana Hill Hort. Kew.: 61 (1768).
Silybum intermedium Willk. Index Seminum (TU, Dorpatensis) 1869: 6 (1869).
Silybum leucanthum Jord. & Fourr. Brev. Pl. Nov. 2: 83 (1868).
Silybum maculatum (Scop.) Moench Methodus: 555 (1794).
Silybum mariae (Crantz) Gray Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 436 (1821 publ. 1822).
Silybum mariae var. unicolor Gray Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 436 (1821 publ. 1822).
Silybum marianum var. albiflorum Eig Bull. Inst. Agric. Nat. Hist. Tel-Aviv 6: 44 (1927).
Silybum marianum subsp. anatolicum Meriçli Istanbul Üniv. Eczac. Fak. Mecm. 19: 60 (1983).
Silybum marianum var. longispinum Lamotte Prodr. Fl. Plat. Centr. 2: 424 (1881).
Silybum pygmaeum Cass. in G.-F.Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat., ed. 2. 50: 469 (1827).

This plant is cited in medicinal sources using the following names:

Name as published:	Medicinal source:
Carduus marianus	Med. Fitoterápicos no Brasil (Carvalho et al., 2008)
Carduus marianus L.	Med. Pl. in the Med.: Project Rubia (Gonzalez-Tejero et al., 2008) Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)
Silybum marianum	Ethnomedica (RBG, Kew, 2020) Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007) Med. Fitoterápicos no Brasil (Carvalho et al., 2008) Med. Pl. Trade Turkey (Özhatay et al., 1997) Med. Pl. and Extracts Market News Service (Brinkmann et al., 2009) Philippine Herbal Med. (Alvarez, 2005-2022) Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) Substances in Meds., Australia (TGA, 2007) Tradit. Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
Silybum marianum (L) Gaertner	Annexo III: Veg. Drugs in Registry of Meds, Argentina (2009)
Silybum marianum (L). Gaertner	Farmacopea Herbolaria Mexicanos (2013)
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaerth	Polyglot Asian Med.: Chinese Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn	Ethnobot. of Pl. in N Jordan (Nawash et al., 2014) Med. Floral Knwlg. of Sarban Hills, Pakistan (Ijaz et al., 2016) Med. Herbs Israel (Said et al., 2002) National List of Med. Pl. in Palestine (Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2014)
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.	Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008) Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2017) GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020) Hagers Handbuch (Hänsel et al., 1992-1998) Herbal Meds., 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007) Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013) Med. Pl. in Markets of Mashhad, Iran (Amiri & Joharchi, 2013) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) Med. and Magical Pl. of S Africa (Arnold et al., 2002) Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016) Pharmacopoeia of China (2005) Pharmacopoeia of China (2010) Pharmacopoeia of China (2015) Pl. Used by Inhabitants of Ajloun, Jordan (Al-Quran, 2015) Polyglot Asian Med.: Chinese Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) Survey in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad, Iran (Mosaddegh et al., 2012) TCM Plants for Syst. Bio. Evaluation (Eisenberg et al., 2011) Trad. Med. in Syria: Folk Med. in Aleppo (Alachkara et al., 2011) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 32 (2008) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 37 (2013) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 39 (2016) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 43 (2020) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (WHO, 2004) WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019) WHODrug Herbal Substances, Suppl. 2023 (WHO-UMC, 2023) World Checklist of Useful Pl. Spp. (Diazgranados et al., 2020) World Dictionary of Med. & Pois. Pl. (Quattrocchi, 2012) Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner	British Pharmacopoeia 2009, Vol. 4 (2008) E-Kommission: Approved Status (1984-1994) E-Kommission: Unapproved Status (1984-1994) Ethnobot. in W Granada Province, Spain (Benítez et al., 2010) Farmacopea Argentina, 8th edn. (2012) Med. Pl. in Jordan (Oran, 1998) Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997) Wild Edible Pls. of Paphos & Larnaca of Cyprus (Della et al., 2006)
Silybum marianum (L.)Gaertner	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999) SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Silybum marianum Gaertn.	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Med. Pl. of Brazil (Mors et al., 2000) Pl. Méd. de la Pharmacopée: Liste A (2000)
Silybum marianum L. Gaertner	British Pharmacopoeia 2012, Vol. 4 (2011) British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014) European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012)

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