Plant Details

Accepted name:: Xanthium strumarium L. [Asteraceae]
Source:: World Checklist ( Medium Taxonomic Confidence )
More about this plant:: Plants of the World Online

Non-scientific name:	Class of name:	Medicinal source:
a nta rga la	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
aattu otta thalai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
adhasisi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
arishta	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
arista	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
aristam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
badake chorant	Other	Plants and People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
banokara	Other	Pl. for Snake and Scorpion Bite in N. Pakistan (Butt et al., 2015)
banokra	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bhangra	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bhende kuro	Other	Plants and People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
bhulagna	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bichhu-butti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bonakra	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bonokra	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
brahma-dundi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
broad cocklebur	Other	Medicinal plants in Viet Nam (WHO, 1990)
bur weed	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
burweed	Other	Plants and People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
byis tsher	Other	Materia Med. in Sowa Rigpa (Wangyal et al., 2020)
california-bur	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
canada cocklebur	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
cang er	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
cang er cao	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000)
cang er gen	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000)
cang er zi	Other	Illus. Chinese Materia Medica (Wu, 2005) TCM Plants for Syst. Bio. Evaluation (Eisenberg et al., 2011) Taiwan Herbal Pharmacop. 3rd Chinese ed. (MOHW, 2018)
cang er zih	Other	Taiwan Herbal Pharmacop. 3rd Chinese ed. (MOHW, 2018)
cang'er	Other	Med. Pls. Used by Maonan People in China. (Hong et al., 2015)
cang'erzi	Other	Pharmacopoeia of China (2005) Pharmacopoeia of China (2010) Pharmacopoeia of China (2015)
cangerzi	Other	Trad. Med. in Dali Prefecture, SW China. (Zhang et al., 2014)
cang’erzi	Other	Hong Kong Chinese Materia Med. Standards (2014)
cankecuram	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
carrapicho-de-carneiro	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
carrapicho-grande	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
cayavamara	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ceyakanapputu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chanda	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
charchita	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chhotagokhru	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chirchiri	Other	Plants and People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
chirchita	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chota-gokhru	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cilani	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cocklebur	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Taiwan Herbal Pharmacop. 3rd Chinese ed. (MOHW, 2018)
common cocklebur	Other	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020) Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013)
cosanacini	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cuyilakiri	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cuyilakiricceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cāng'erzǐ	Other	Medicinal Plants in China (WHO, 1997)
dagne kuro	Other	Plants and People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
ditch-bur	Other	Medicinal plants in Viet Nam (WHO, 1990)
ditchbur	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
dumundi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
durnishnik obyknovennyy	Other	Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013)
duthundi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
dutundi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
fructus xanthii	Pharmaceutical	Pharmacopoeia of China (2005)
fructus xanthii sibirici	Pharmaceutical	Illus. Chinese Materia Medica (Wu, 2005)
gewöhnliche spitzklette	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
ghokarukata	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
gokaru	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
gokhuriya	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
gokshuru	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
gokuriya	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
gua lou pi	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000)
gullfrö	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
guzatkon	Other	Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013)
itara	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ji tser	Other	Materia Med. in Sowa Rigpa (Wangyal et al., 2020)
jumli kuro	Other	Plants and People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
ka tstshu ra	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kaatukatheri	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kacchaka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kadimki mankoo	Other	Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013)
kakubha	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kambumalini	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kambupuspha	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kanda/ chhota dhatura	Other	Med. Pl. in Arid Regions of N. Punjab, Pakistan (Ashfaq et al., 2019)
kangres	Other	Plants and People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
kankerroos	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
kattuccarai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kattuccaraiccetai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kattuccaraiyan	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
katula	Other	Med. Floral Knowledge of Sarban Hills, Pakistan (Ijaz et al., 2016)
khanghara	Other	Plants and People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
kiriti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kottamattaki	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kuchakuchiye	Other	Plants and People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
kurou	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kutri	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
lampourde glouteron	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
large cocklebur	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
louse-bur	Other	Medicinal plants in Viet Nam (WHO, 1990)
maiyiravi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maiyiraviccaru	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
makametai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
makameto	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
malavinashini	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mancanati	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mancanaticceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mangalvanamalini	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mangalyakamalini	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maralu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maralu teege	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maralumathi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
marhe-matta	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
marlu-mutta	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
marlumutta	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
marramakal	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
marul umattai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
marul-oomathai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
marul-umathan	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
marula maathangi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
marula-matangi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
marulamatangi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
marulmattam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maruloomathai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maruloomattai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
marulumathai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maruluthige	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
marulutige	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
matiyalatimuli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
medhya	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
metaicceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mocacikacceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mocacikam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
moratavanicceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
moratavarani	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mutiyormetai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
noogoora-bur	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
o-namomi	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
paicacatturitacceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
paicacatturitam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pariyami	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pariyamicceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pariyayavacakai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
parsvapu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
patanak	Other	Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013)
peymaticceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
peyppatikacceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
peyppatikam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
peyumattai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pirakatti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pitapushpi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
porriracamuli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
potaiyumattaicceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
purusakenti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
raktapushpi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
rough cocklebur	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013)
rough cockleburr	Other	Native American Ethnobotany (Moerman, 1998)
sankeshwara	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sarpakshi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
shankeshwar	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
shankhagalini	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
shankhahuli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
shankhakusuma	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
shankhapuspi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
shankhavha	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
shankine	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sheep bur	Other	Plants and People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
shwetakusuma	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
siberian clotbur	Other	Medicinal Plants in China (WHO, 1997)
siberian cocklebur	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Medicinal Plants in China (WHO, 1997) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
siberian cocklebur fruit	Other	Pharmacopoeia of China (2005) Pharmacopoeia of China (2010)
siberian cockleburr fruit	Other	Illus. Chinese Materia Medica (Wu, 2005)
sukshmapatra	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
supushpi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
takapittacuracata	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
talainoycceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
talnoppi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tanakataputu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tanuconitacceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tanuconitam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
taulamuja	Other	Plants and People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
tene	Other	Plants and People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
thalnoppi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tocanacanicceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
u sa ka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
urukossa	Other	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020)
usuma	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vacucittira	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vanamalaicceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vanamalaipputu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
veratelnep	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
wal rambuttan	Other	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020)
xanthii fructus	Pharmaceutical	Hong Kong Chinese Materia Med. Standards (2014) Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia (2002) Korean Pharmacopoeia, 10th edn. (MFDS, 2012) Korean Pharmacopoeia, 9th edn. (2007) Pharmacopoeia of China (2010) Pharmacopoeia of China (2015) Taiwan Herbal Pharmacop. 3rd Chinese ed. (MOHW, 2018)
xanthium	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Illus. Chinese Materia Medica (Wu, 2005) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
xanthium fruit	Other	Korean Pharmacopoeia, 10th edn. (MFDS, 2012) Korean Pharmacopoeia, 9th edn. (2007)
yakusuma	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
yatavacamuli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
བྱིས་ཚེར།	Other	Materia Med. in Sowa Rigpa (Wangyal et al., 2020)
苍耳	Other	Med. Pls. Used by Maonan People in China. (Hong et al., 2015)
苍耳子	Other	Medicinal Plants in China (WHO, 1997) TCM Plants for Syst. Bio. Evaluation (Eisenberg et al., 2011) Trad. Med. in Dali Prefecture, SW China. (Zhang et al., 2014)
蒼耳子	Other	Hong Kong Chinese Materia Med. Standards (2014) Medicinal Plants in China (WHO, 1997) Taiwan Herbal Pharmacop. 3rd Chinese ed. (MOHW, 2018)

Part(s) of plant used:	Drug form:	Medicinal source:
fruit	dried ripe bur with involucre	Pharmacopoeia of China (2010)
burr	ripe burr	Illus. Chinese Materia Medica (Wu, 2005)
Leaves		Med. Floral Knowledge of Sarban Hills, Pakistan (Ijaz et al., 2016)
Fruit		Med. Pls. Used by Maonan People in China. (Hong et al., 2015)
Fruit		Trad. Med. in Dali Prefecture, SW China. (Zhang et al., 2014)
Seeds, Roots		Med. Pl. in Arid Regions of N. Punjab, Pakistan (Ashfaq et al., 2019)
Root		Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ripe fruit with involucres	dried ripe fruit with involucres	Taiwan Herbal Pharmacop. 3rd Chinese ed. (MOHW, 2018)
fruit		Medicinal plants in Viet Nam (WHO, 1990)
whole plant, root, fruit rind, fruit rind		Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000)
Fruit		Medicinal Plants in China (WHO, 1997)
fruit	dried ripe bur with involucre	Pharmacopoeia of China (2005)
fruit		Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia (2002)
fruit		Korean Pharmacopoeia, 9th edn. (2007)
fruit		Hong Kong Chinese Materia Med. Standards (2014)
roots, seeds, plant, fruits		Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013)
fruit	ripe fruit	Korean Pharmacopoeia, 10th edn. (MFDS, 2012)

Kew's taxonomic resources include 21 scientific synonym(s) for this plant:

Xanthium brasilicum Vell. Fl. Flumin. 10: t. 23 (1831).
Xanthium indicum J.Koenig ex Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. 1832. 3: 601 (1832).
Xanthium mongolicum Kitag. Rep. Exped. Manchoukuo Sect. IV 4: 97 (1936).
Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 20: 32 (1923).
Xanthium strumarium subsp. strumarium
Xanthium abyssinicum Wallr. Beitr. Bot. 1: 230 (1842).
Xanthium antiquorum Wallr. Beitr. Bot. 1: 229 (1842).
Xanthium arenarium Lasch Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 14: 411 (1856).
Xanthium inaequilaterum DC. Prodr. 5: 523 (1836).
Xanthium indicum var. inaequilaterum (DC.) Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 68 (1856).
Xanthium japonicum Widder Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 20: 31 (1923).
Xanthium macrocarpum DC. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck & A.P.de Candolle, Fl. Franç., éd. 3, 6: 356 (1815).
Xanthium natalense Widder Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 41: 274 (1937).
Xanthium pungens var. globuliforme C.Shull Bot. Gaz. 83: 385 (1927).
Xanthium sibiricum var. jingyuanense H.G.Hou & Y.T.Lu Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 20: 249 (2000).
Xanthium sibiricum var. subinerme Widder Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 20: 36 (1923).
Xanthium strumarium subsp. brasilicum (Vell.) O.Bolòs & Vigo Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 17: 90 (1988).
Xanthium strumarium var. brasilicum (Vell.) Baker in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 6(3): 147 (1884).
Xanthium strumarium var. inaequilaterum (DC.) C.B.Clarke Compos. Ind.: 133 (1876).
Xanthium strumarium subsp. sibiricum (Patrin ex Widder) Greuter Willdenowia 33: 249 (2003).
Xanthium strumarium var. subinerme (Widder) Winkl. ex Y.Z.Zhao, L.Q.Zhao & C.Rui Fl. Intramongol. ed. 3. 5: 93 (2019).

This plant is cited in medicinal sources using the following names:

Name as published:	Medicinal source:
Xanthium brasilicum Vell.Conc.	SEPASAL Database (Kew, 2020) SEPASAL database (Kew, 1999)
Xanthium ibiricum Patr.	Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997)
Xanthium indicum	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020)
Xanthium indicum Koen.	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
Xanthium indicum Koenig ex Roxb.	World Dictionary of Med. & Pois. Pl. (Quattrocchi, 2012)
Xanthium mongolicum Kitag.	Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)
Xanthium sibiricum	Substances in Medicines, Australia (TGA, 2007) Trad. Med. in Dali Prefecture, SW China. (Zhang et al., 2014)
Xanthium sibiricum Patr.	Hong Kong Chinese Materia Med. Standards (2014) Medicinal Plants in China (WHO, 1997) Pharmacopoeia of China (2005) Pharmacopoeia of China (2010) Pharmacopoeia of China (2015) TCM Plants for Syst. Bio. Evaluation (Eisenberg et al., 2011)
Xanthium sibiricum Patr. et Widd	Illus. Chinese Materia Medica (Wu, 2005)
Xanthium sibiricum Patrin Ex Widder	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Med. Pls. Used by Maonan People in China. (Hong et al., 2015) Neuraminidase Inhib. Med. Pl. in Lingnan TCM (Liu, 2018) WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019) World Dictionary of Med. & Pois. Pl. (Quattrocchi, 2012) Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)
Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder var. sibiricum	World Dictionary of Med. & Pois. Pl. (Quattrocchi, 2012)
Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder.	Taiwan Herbal Pharmacop. 3rd Chinese ed. (MOHW, 2018)
Xanthium strmarium L.	Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)
Xanthium strumarium	Conservation of Indonesian Medicinal Plants (Cahyaningsih, 2020) Substances in Medicines, Australia (TGA, 2007)
Xanthium strumarium Elliott	Pl. for Snake and Scorpion Bite in N. Pakistan (Butt et al., 2015)
Xanthium strumarium L.	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Materia Med. in Sowa Rigpa (Wangyal et al., 2020) Med. & Pois. Pl. 2 (Valkenburg et al., 1999) Med. Floral Knowledge of Sarban Hills, Pakistan (Ijaz et al., 2016) Med. Pl. Latin America (Duke, 2009) Med. Pl. Uzbekistan & Kyrgyzstan (Eisenman et al., 2013) Med. Pl. in Arid Regions of N. Punjab, Pakistan (Ashfaq et al., 2019) Med. and Magical Pl. of S. Africa (Arnold et al., 2002) Medicinal Plants of Brazil (Mors et al., 2000) Medicinal plants in Viet Nam (WHO, 1990) Native American Ethnobotany (Moerman, 1998) Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997) SEPASAL Database (Kew, 2020) SEPASAL database (Kew, 1999) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019) World Dictionary of Med. & Pois. Pl. (Quattrocchi, 2012)
Xanthium strumarium Linnaeus	Plants and People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
Xanthium strumarium Linne	Korean Pharmacopoeia, 10th edn. (MFDS, 2012)
Xanthium strumarium Linné	Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia (2002) Korean Pharmacopoeia, 9th edn. (2007)
Xanthium strumarium subsp. strumarium	WHODrug Herbal Substances, Suppl. 2021 (WHO-UMC, 2022)

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