Plant Details

Accepted name:: Ricinus communis L. [Euphorbiaceae]
Source:: World Checklist ( High Taxonomic Confidence )
More about this plant:: Plants of the World Online

Non-scientific name:	Class of name:	Medicinal source:
"dan kwasare	Other	Handbook African Med. Pl. (Iwu, 1993)
/kheeras	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
aa ma	Other	Pl. & People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
aamanakku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
aamudamu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
aamudamu chettu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
aaril	Other	Pl. & People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
aavanak	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
abanakka	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
acetukua	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
ader	Other	MAPs in Makawanpur, C Nepal (Bhattarai & Tamang, 2017)
aerand	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
aerandi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
african coffee tree	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
agaliva	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
aimugi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
alambuda	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amadum	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amanakkam ceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amanakkam chedi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amanakkam-chedi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amanakkan-kottai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amanakkilai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amanakku	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
amanakku ennai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amanakku ver	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amanakkuilai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amanaku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amanda	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amandam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amangala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amankalam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amantakam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amantalam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amanukku-muttu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ambanakka	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
amdi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amidam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amidamu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
amidapu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amidum	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ammanakku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
amuda	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amudala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amudam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
amudamu	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
amudanu	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
amudapu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amudapu chettu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amudapu veru	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
amudapu-vittulu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
amudmuchetu	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
andagam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
andela	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
andeo	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
ander	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
andi	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Pl. & People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
andu	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
angan-tangan	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
antakam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
aralu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
aran	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
arand	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
arand-ke-binj	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
aranda	Other	Med. Pl. in Mountainous Chail Valley, Pakistan (Ahmad et al., 2014) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
arandi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
arandi-ka-per	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
arandi-ke-binj	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
arandka-per	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
arash	Other	Handbook of Arabian Med. Pl. (Ghazanfar, 1994) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
aratticceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
arattitam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
arend	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Pl. & People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
arendi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
arer	Other	Pl. & People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
areth	Other	Pl. & People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
aril	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
arind	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Med. Pl. in Talagang, Punjab Province (Nazish Rehman et al., 2017)
arnddi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
around	Other	Pl. for Snake and Scorpion Bite in N Pakistan (Butt et al., 2015)
arudalu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
arundi	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
aruvarulimuli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
asaram	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
atam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
atamanakku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
atamatakku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ater	Other	Pl. & People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
attagam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
attakacceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
attamanam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
attikkarani	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
attimanam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
attugam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
attukam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
attukamanakku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
attukameticceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
audla	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
avanacu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
avanak	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
avanakka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
avanakkinkuru	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
avanakku	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Ethnophytomed. Against Diabetes, SE Asia (Marwat et al., 2014) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
avend	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
avudala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
avudalu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
awriwra	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
ayrunkukri	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
b?nu	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
bafureira	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
balambaal olyo	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
balamball	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
banangir	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
bazrul-khirvaa	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bazrul-khirvaaaus-saghir	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bed anjeer	Other	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
bedanjeer	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007) Med. Pl. in Balochistan, Pakistan (Bibi et al., 2014) Pl. for Geohelminth in Kalat District, Pakistan (Bibi et al., 2016)
bedanjir	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
bedanjir (arand)	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bedanjire-khurd	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bele ni vavalagi	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
bhanda	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bheranda	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
bherenda	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
bi ma	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000)
bi ma gen	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000)
bi ma ye	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000)
bi ma you	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000)
bi ma zi	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000)
bidanjeir	Other	Tradit. Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
bikh erandi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
biliga ondale	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bima	Other	Med. Pl. Used by Maonan People in China (Hong et al., 2015)
bimayou	Other	Pharmacopoeia of China (2005)
bimazi	Other	Pharmacopoeia of China (2005) Pharmacopoeia of China (2010) Pharmacopoeia of China (2015)
bimázi	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
bofareira	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
botareira	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
bì má	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
bì má zǐ	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
bìmázǐ	Other	Med. Pl. in China (WHO, 1997)
bā má zǐ	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
cacamapari	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cacampari	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cancu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
carapate	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
carrapateira	Other	Med. & Magic Pl. from a Market, Brazil (de Albuquerque et al., 2007) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
carrapateiro	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
caruci	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
caster bean plant	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
caster oil bush	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
caster oil plant	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
castor	Other	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020) Ethnomedica (RBG, Kew, 2020) GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
castor bean	Other	Med Pl. of Myanmar (DeFilipps & Krupnick, 2018) Native American Ethnobot.(Moerman, 1998) Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999) U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009) Wild Med. Pl. Jordan (Al-Qura'n, 2009)
castor bean tree	Other	Med. Pl. in China (WHO, 1997) SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
castor beans	Other	National List of Med. Pl. in Palestine (Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2014)
castor comunis	Other	Healing Potential of Med. Pl., Palestine (Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2000)
castor oil	Other	British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014) Ethnomedica (RBG, Kew, 2020) Food Chemicals Codex, 11th edn. (USP, 2018) Food Chemicals Codex, 6th edn. (USP, 2008) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 15th edn. (2006) Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 16th edn. (2012) Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 17th edn. (incl. Suppl. I and II) (2016-2019) Korean Pharmacopoeia, 10th edn. (MFDS, 2012) Korean Pharmacopoeia, 9th edn. (2007) Pharmacopoeia of China (2005) Pl. for Snake and Scorpion Bite in N Pakistan (Butt et al., 2015) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 32 (2008) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 37 (2013) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 39 (2016) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 43 (2020) WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019)
castor oil plant	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Commercially Important African Med. Pl. (Van Wyk, 2015) Ethnomedica (RBG, Kew, 2020) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Med Pl. of Myanmar (DeFilipps & Krupnick, 2018) Med. Pl. in Viet Nam (WHO, 1990) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999) Trad. Drugs in Israel at End C20th (Lev & Amar, 2000) Trad. Drugs in Jordan (Lev & Amar, 2002) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008) Useful Pl. of Kongo C Province, Vol 1-2 (Latham & ku Mbuta, 2017)
castor oil tree	Other	Med. Pl. Marketing in Bangladesh (Dixie et al., 2003) SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
castor oil, refined	Other	European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012)
castor oil, virgin	Other	European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012)
castor seed	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007) Pharmacopoeia of China (2005) Pharmacopoeia of China (2010)
castor-bean	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
castor-bean tree	Other	Med. Pl. in Viet Nam (WHO, 1990)
castor-bean-plant	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
castor-oil bush	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
castor-oil plant	Other	Handbook African Med. Pl. (Iwu, 1993) Pl. & People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002) SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
castor-oil tree	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
castor-oil-plant	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
catticatamuli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cattitarumuli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cemeiner wunderbaum;chittmani	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
cemmanakkati	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cemmanakkaticceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cempaimalinicceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
centulamanakku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
centulamanakkucceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cevvali	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cevvamanakku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chanchu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
chankuka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chhoti-arand	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chhoti-arand-ka-per	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chhoti-arand-ke-binj	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chhoti-arandi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chhoti-arandi-ka-per	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chhoti-arandi-ke-binj	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chitraa	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
chitrabija	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
chitraka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chitta haralu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chittaamudamu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chittaamudapu chettu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chittamanakkan-chedi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chittamanakku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chittamudamu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chittamudapu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chittaralu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chittavanaku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chittmani	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chittuharalu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
christuspalme	Other	Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
cikanti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cikanticceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cikantitam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cirramanakkenney	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cirramanakku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cirrerantam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cirreranticceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cirunalikacceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
citavanakoo	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
citra	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
citrabija	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
citraka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
citrā	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
cittaman	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cittamanakku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cittamanam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cittamudamu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cittiram	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cittiramanakkucceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cittuharalu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
civappamanakku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
culaiccatturu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
culatavirutti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cunnu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
curiyakanatavamanakku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cutacenturi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
daldo	Other	Pl. & People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
dalta	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
dan+da khra bo	Other	Materia Med. in Sowa Rigpa (Wangyal et al., 2020)
dan-khra	Other	Pl. & People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
danda trawo	Other	Materia Med. in Sowa Rigpa (Wangyal et al., 2020)
dandarobi	Other	Pl. & People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
dar-ta	Other	Pl. & People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
darakhte-bedanjir	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
darakhte-bedanjire-khurd	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
dhikela’	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
dirghadantaka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
djarak	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
djarak djeetoon	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
djarak kaleeki	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
dur byid	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
e ra nda (d)	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
e ra nda dmar po	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
e ram nda	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
e ram nda (p)	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
e-ra	Other	Pl. & People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
e-ran	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
eda	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
eeranda	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ekkalatevi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
endaru	Other	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020) Trad. Med. in Sri Lanka (Kankanamalage et al., 2014) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
endi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
era	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
eradu	Other	Trad. Med. in Sri Lanka (Kankanamalage et al., 2014)
eramd	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
eramdee	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
eramudapu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
eranam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
erand	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Pl. for Snake and Scorpion Bite in N Pakistan (Butt et al., 2015) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
erand;eranda	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
eranda	Other	Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007) Med. Pl. Marketing in Bangladesh (Dixie et al., 2003)
erandah	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
erandam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
erandamu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
erandee	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
erandi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Med. Pl. Marketing in Bangladesh (Dixie et al., 2003)
erandio	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
erando	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
erandthailam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
erantam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
eraṇḍa (fresh leaf)	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
eraṇḍa (root)	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
eraṇḍa (seed)	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
erend	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
erendi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
eri	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
erramuda	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
erramudamu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
erramudapu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
erri	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
erund	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
fampinonoana	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
fefekuba	Other	Gabon׳s Med. Pl. Markets (Towns et al., 2014)
franda	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
gab	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
gaba	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
gandharavahasthah	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
gandharva hasthah	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
gandharva-hasta	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
gandharva-hastaa	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
gandharvahasta	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
gandharvahastaka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
gandharvahastakah	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
gandharvahastakam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
gandharvvahastakam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
genegerçek	Other	Ethnobot. & Trade of Pl. in Qaysari Market, Iraq (Mati & Boer, 2011)
gloubottelboom	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
gulo	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
gulqwas	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
hab-ul-as	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
haralu	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
harhanda	Other	Med. Pl. in Mountainous Chail Valley, Pakistan (Ahmad et al., 2014) Med. Pl. of Tehsil Kabal, Pakistan (Khan et al., 2015)
harin	Other	Pl. Meds for Musculoskeletal Disorders, N. Pakistan (Malik et al., 2018)
harlu	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
harnoli	Other	Med. Pl. in Arid Regions of N. Punjab, Pakistan (Ashfaq et al., 2019)
harwaa	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
hastikarna	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
hastiparnaka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
heran	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
herhanda	Other	Indig. Uses of Pl. of Malakand, Pakistan (Habib-Ul-Hassan et al., 2015)
hierba verde	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
higuera	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020) Med. Pl. Nicarag. Atlantic Coast (Barrett, 1994) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
higuera del diablo	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
higuerainfernal	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
higuereta	Other	Med. Pl. in Ethnobot./Relig. Trads., Cuba (Carlomagno et al., 2015) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
higuerilla	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020) Guía de la Col. de Pl. Med. de PCTY (Méndez González et al., 2016) Med. Pl. in N Peruvian Andes (Corroto et al., 2019) Pl. Med. de S.Francisco Tlaltenco Tláhuac (Ortiz Palacios et al., 2017) Pl. Res. of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Mexico (Casas et al., 2001) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
higuerilla blanca	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
higuerilla tulua	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
higuerillo	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
higuerillo blanco	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
higuerillo rojo	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
higuero	Other	Med. Pl. E Nicaragua (Coe et al., 1996) Med. Pl. Nicarag. Atlantic Coast (Barrett, 1994) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
himashiyu	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
himasiyu	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
hóng bì má	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
igonu	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
ilara	Other	Handbook African Med. Pl. (Iwu, 1993) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
ilarun	Other	Handbook African Med. Pl. (Iwu, 1993) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
ilinkapentakatti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ind	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
indeyo	Other	Pl. & People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
iraiyamanakku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
irandia	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
irataverantam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
irattakam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
irenukamuli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
iscoche	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
ishta	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
istam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
istayitacceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
istayitam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
itimpam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ittam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
itticam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
jada	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
jar	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
jarak	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
jarak berumah	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
jarak besar	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
jarak minyak	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
kaleeki	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
kalèkè	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
kanaipputu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kanalakkini	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kanalakkinikari	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kanta	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kapanilatipanam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
karala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
karchak	Other	Med. Pl. in Markets of Mashhad, Iran (Amiri & Joharchi, 2013) Tradit. Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
kastalan qajne	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
kastalankajne	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
kasterolie	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
kasterolieboom	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
kasterolieplant	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
katalam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kentacatakam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kernetil	Other	Survey in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad, Iran (Mosaddegh et al., 2012)
kerwa	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
kesusi	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
kharwa	Other	Handbook of Arabian Med. Pl. (Ghazanfar, 1994) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
kharwa'a	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
kharwah	Other	Trad. Use of Ethnomed. Pl. of Saudi Arabia (Aati et al., 2019)
kherva	Other	Tradit. Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
kherwa	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
kherwae	Other	Phenolics in Moroccan Med. Pl. Spp. (Mouhajir et al., 2001)
khirva	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
khirvaa	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
khirvaaaus-saghir	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
khirwa	Other	Handbook African Med. Pl. (Iwu, 1993) Handbook of Arabian Med. Pl. (Ghazanfar, 1994) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
khurue	Other	Med. Pl. Used by Women in Mecca (Alqethami et al., 2017)
khurwa'a	Other	Handbook of Arabian Med. Pl. (Ghazanfar, 1994)
kikarekare	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
kooch	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
kotta	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kottai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kottaimuttu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kourtouniá	Other	Med. Pl. Use: Monasteries on Cyprus (Lardos & Heinrich, 2013)
koyanna	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
krapata	Other	Med. Pl. Trade in Suriname (van Andel et al., 2007) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
kukat	Other	Pl. & People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
kula	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
kula kula	Other	Handbook African Med. Pl. (Iwu, 1993) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
kumparittam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
k’o’och	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
lahung	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
lapa-lapa-adete	Other	Handbook African Med. Pl. (Iwu, 1993) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
lara	Other	Handbook African Med. Pl. (Iwu, 1993) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
legezabwende	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
lepo	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
lepohina	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
lepokula	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
libono	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
libono-bono	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
lidis	Other	Pl. & People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
lonu	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
lupe mbono	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
lupono	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
madhishe aril	Other	Pl. & People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
maghze tukhm arandi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mahona	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
mai-kong-leng	Other	Med Pl. of Myanmar (DeFilipps & Krupnick, 2018)
makapattiri	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
malachintha manakku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
malibono-bono	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
mamona	Other	Farmacopeia Nat. de Comunidades, NE Brasil (Pessoa da Silva et al., 2015) Med. & Pois. Pl. NE Brazil (Agra et al., 2007) Med. Pl. Braz. Pharm. (Brandão et al., 2006) Med. Pl. Traded in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Leitãoa et al., 2014) Med. Pl. of NE Brazil (Fátima Agra et al., 2008) SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
mamoneiro	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
manam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
manda	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
mantaki	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mantakicceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mantalam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mantam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
masketi	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
matuvantapputu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mazarpanja	Other	Pl. for Geohelminth in Kalat District, Pakistan (Bibi et al., 2016)
mbarika	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
mbono	Other	Handbook African Med. Pl. (Iwu, 1993) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
mbono mdogo	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
mexico weed	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
mnyono	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
mnyonyo	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
mokhura	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
mokhure	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
mono	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
mons	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
monu	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
motanankamuli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mpuluka	Other	Useful Pl. of Kongo C Province, Vol 1-2 (Latham & ku Mbuta, 2017)
mumbeti	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
mupfure	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
muriki	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
muttukkottaicceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
muwariki	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
nakakarnam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
narikamanakku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
narikamanakkucceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
nattamanakku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
naudi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ndataila	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ndosna	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
noronda	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
ntoo qaiblab	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
nyonyo	Other	Handbook African Med. Pl. (Iwu, 1993) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
oancangulah	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
odagwa	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
ogiri	Other	Handbook African Med. Pl. (Iwu, 1993)
ogiri-ugbo	Other	Handbook African Med. Pl. (Iwu, 1993)
oleum ricini	Other	Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 15th edn. (2006) Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 16th edn. (2012) Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 17th edn. (incl. Suppl. I and II) (2016-2019) Korean Pharmacopoeia, 10th edn. (MFDS, 2012) Korean Pharmacopoeia, 9th edn. (2007) Pharmacopoeia of China (2005) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009) WHODrug Herbal Substances, Suppl. 2023 (WHO-UMC, 2023)
olie boom	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
olumono	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
omono	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
omumunu	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
orantam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
oudala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
oudala gida	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
oudalu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
oudla	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pacón	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
palma christi	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Med. Pl. in Viet Nam (WHO, 1990) SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
palma cristi	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
palma de cristo	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
palma-christi	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
palmer christi	Other	Handbook African Med. Pl. (Iwu, 1993)
palo de grilla blanco	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
palo higuerillo blanco	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
pancamilevavatam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pancangula	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pancangulah	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pancangulam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pancangulavatari	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pancankam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pancankulam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
panchaangula	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
panchangula	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
panchangulam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
pandiavanak	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pandiyavanakku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
panjanagulam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
panjangula	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pantiyavanakku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
paraguas	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
parankiyatalai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
parpatikacceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
parpatikam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pañchāṅgul	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
pañcāṅgula	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
pei-ma	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
peraamudamu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
peramudamu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
peritaiyal	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pimaja	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
plama christi	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
pomaskwiti	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
raktaeranda	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
rand	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ra’ a kau	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
reciño	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
red chicken tree	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
red eagle foot	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
redh	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
redhi	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
refined castor oil	Other	British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014)
rend	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
renda	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
rendee	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
reri	Other	Med. Pl. Marketing in Bangladesh (Dixie et al., 2003)
resino	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
reyar	Other	Pl. & People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
ri	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
ricin	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Handbook African Med. Pl. (Iwu, 1993) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) Pl. Méd. de la Pharmacopée: Liste A (2000) Useful Pl. of Kongo C Province, Vol 1-2 (Latham & ku Mbuta, 2017) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
ricini oleum	Pharmaceutical	Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
ricini oleum raffinatum	Pharmaceutical	European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012)
ricini oleum virginale	Pharmaceutical	European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012)
ricini semen	Pharmaceutical	Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia (2002) Pharmacopoeia of China (2010) Pharmacopoeia of China (2015)
ricinioleum virginale	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
ricino	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
ricino, aceite	Other	Farmacopea Herbolaria Mexico (2001)
ricino, aceite refinado	Other	Farmacopea Herbolaria Mexicanos (2013)
ricinus	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
ricinus communis	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009)
ricinus oil	Other	Food Chemicals Codex, 6th edn. (USP, 2008)
rizinus	Other	Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
roghan baid	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
roghan baid anjir	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
roghan erand	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
roghan erandi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
roghan-i-nilofer	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
rubu	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
rumono	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
ruvuka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
rwomono	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
rícino	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Med. & Pois. Pl. NE Brazil (Agra et al., 2007) Med. Pl. of NE Brazil (Fátima Agra et al., 2008)
sadabherenda	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
semen ricini	Pharmaceutical	Pharmacopoeia of China (2005)
semillas de ricino	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
shajratul-khirvaa	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
shajratul-khirvaaaus-saghir	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sharbat hab-ul-as	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
shukla	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
shulashatru	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sitta-manakku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sittamanaku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sittamindi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
suklah	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
svehaprada	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
taccattaru	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
taittiyakikacceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
taittiyakikam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
talarupakam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
talarupam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tamincam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tampincam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tanah toung	Other	Med Pl. of Myanmar (DeFilipps & Krupnick, 2018)
tanantanamanga	Other	Med. Pl. in Markets of Antananarivo, Madagascar (Randriamiharisoa et al., 2015)
tangantangan oil plant	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
taruna	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tarunakamati	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tarunakamaticceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tarunam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tatimantaram	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tchanfura	Other	Med. Pl. Markets in Maputo, Mozambique (Krog et al., 2006)
tel-enderu	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
thatur	Other	Pl. & People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
the castor-oil plant	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
timitakutalacceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
timitakutalam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tipataili	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tiriputipalam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tirkkatantam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tiruvalamuli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tiruvalipputu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tiruvatiraimuli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tobsha	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
tochem-i-bed-anjir	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
tomontigi	Other	Handbook African Med. Pl. (Iwu, 1993) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
toon	Other	Med Pl. of Myanmar (DeFilipps & Krupnick, 2018)
toto ni vavalagi	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
tribija	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
triputi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
triputiphala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ttchakkma	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
tuccatturu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tuccitacceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tuccitam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tuchhadru	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tukhme bedanjir	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tukhme-bedanjire-khurd	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
txiv taw dlaav laab	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
u	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ucakam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
udukaju	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
uldule	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
umchakuva	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
umhlakuva	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
umhlavuthwa	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
umhlawuvuthwa	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
umkakuva	Other	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999)
unapalan	Other	Med. Pl. Nicarag. Atlantic Coast (Barrett, 1994) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
urppulam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
urubaka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
urubu	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
urubuka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
uruttirapattiram	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
uruvaka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
usapam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
usravuka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
utouto	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
uttaanpatraka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
uttanapatraka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vaataari	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
vacanimuli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
valaippen	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
varantalu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
varantaru	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
varddhamanam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vardhamaana	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
vardhamana	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vardhamanaka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
varttamanam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vataivari	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vataivaricceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vatanacanam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vatari	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
vatavairi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vatavari	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vattamacceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vattamam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
veranda	Other	Med. Pl. Marketing in Bangladesh (Dixie et al., 2003)
verenda	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
vhadli-eramdo	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
virgin castor oil	Other	British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014)
viyakkiramam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
viyakkirapuccam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
viyakkiratalam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
viyatampakam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vuka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vullak unnay	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vyaaghrapuchha	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
vyadambaka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vyadatvaka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vyaghradala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vyaghrapuccha	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vyaghrapuchha	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vātāri	Other	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
wetapela’celik	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
wild castor	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
wonder tree	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
wonder-tree	Other	Med Pl. of Myanmar (DeFilipps & Krupnick, 2018)
wonderboom	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
wǎi hā	Other	Med. Pl. of Limu Mountains, China (Zheng et al., 2013)
xirwe3	Other	Ethnobot. & Trade of Pl. in Qaysari Market, Iraq (Mati & Boer, 2011)
yanyan	Other	Pl. & People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
yarandicha	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
yatutaiyanputu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ya’ax-kooch	Other	Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
yeranda	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
yerramudapu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
zeitel-kharwaa	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
zurma	Other	Handbook African Med. Pl. (Iwu, 1993) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
κουρτουνιά	Other	Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016)
بیدانجیر	Other	Tradit. Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
خروع	Other	Tradit. Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
عورخ	Other	Med. Pl. Used by Women in Mecca (Alqethami et al., 2017)
کرچک	Other	Tradit. Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
དནྡ་ཁྲ་བོ།	Other	Materia Med. in Sowa Rigpa (Wangyal et al., 2020)
ḵurû'a	Other	Med. Pl. Yemen (Fleurentin & Pelt, 1982)
‘dan kwasare;diveli	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
‫خروع‬	Other	National List of Med. Pl. in Palestine (Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2014)
ヒマシ油	Other	Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 16th edn. (2012) Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 17th edn. (incl. Suppl. I and II) (2016-2019)
八麻子	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
紅蓖麻	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
蓖麻	Other	Med. Pl. Used by Maonan People in China (Hong et al., 2015) Polyglot Asian Med.: Chinese Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
蓖麻叶	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Chinese Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
蓖麻子	Other	Med. Pl. in China (WHO, 1997) Polyglot Asian Med.: Chinese Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
蓖麻根	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Chinese Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
蓖麻油	Other	Polyglot Asian Med.: Chinese Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)

Part(s) of plant used:	Drug form:	Medicinal source:
seed	dried ripe seed	Pharmacopoeia of China (2010)
seed	refined oil	British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014)
Cold-pressed seed oil		Commercially Important African Med. Pl. (Van Wyk, 2015)
seeds	oil	Pl. Méd. de la Pharmacopée: Liste A (2000)
fruits and seeds		Med. Pl. of Limu Mountains, China (Zheng et al., 2013)
Seed	Oil	Trad. Drugs in Jordan (Lev & Amar, 2002)
Leaf		Survey in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad, Iran (Mosaddegh et al., 2012)
Semen		Ethnobot. & Trade of Pl. in Qaysari Market, Iraq (Mati & Boer, 2011)
Oil		Trad. Drugs in Israel at End C20th (Lev & Amar, 2000)
seed	fixed oil obtained from the seed	U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 39 (2016)
Leaf, Root		MAPs in Makawanpur, C Nepal (Bhattarai & Tamang, 2017)
Seed		Med. Pl. Used by Maonan People in China (Hong et al., 2015)
Seed		Tradit. Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
Leaves		Pl. for Snake and Scorpion Bite in N Pakistan (Butt et al., 2015)
Seed, leaves		Pl. Meds for Musculoskeletal Disorders, N. Pakistan (Malik et al., 2018)
Seeds, Leaves		Med. Pl. in Arid Regions of N. Punjab, Pakistan (Ashfaq et al., 2019)
Whole plant		Med. Pl. in Talagang, Punjab Province (Nazish Rehman et al., 2017)
Seeds		Pl. for Geohelminth in Kalat District, Pakistan (Bibi et al., 2016)
Seeds, Leaves		Med. Pl. in Balochistan, Pakistan (Bibi et al., 2014)
Leaves and seeds		Med. Pl. in Mountainous Chail Valley, Pakistan (Ahmad et al., 2014)
Fibre, Root, Seed	Seed oil, Oil, Fibre oil	WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019)
Bark, Leaves, Roots, Seeds		Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020)
leaf		Med. Pl. Use: Monasteries on Cyprus (Lardos & Heinrich, 2013)
leaf, seeds		Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016)
Root, Leaf, Seed, Oil		Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
leaves		Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
leaves, seed oil, fruits		Guía de la Col. de Pl. Med. de PCTY (Méndez González et al., 2016)
leaves		Pl. Med. de S.Francisco Tlaltenco Tláhuac (Ortiz Palacios et al., 2017)
leaves, seeds		Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020)
Seeds	Oil	Med. Pl. Used by Women in Mecca (Alqethami et al., 2017)
Leaf, seed		Med Pl. of Myanmar (DeFilipps & Krupnick, 2018)
Leaves		Med. Pl. of Tehsil Kabal, Pakistan (Khan et al., 2015)
Seeds, seed oil, leaves		Indig. Uses of Pl. of Malakand, Pakistan (Habib-Ul-Hassan et al., 2015)
Whole plant		Trad. Use of Ethnomed. Pl. of Saudi Arabia (Aati et al., 2019)
seeds		Phenolics in Moroccan Med. Pl. Spp. (Mouhajir et al., 2001)
leaves	oil	Med. Pl. Trade in Suriname (van Andel et al., 2007)
fruit, leaf, seed		Med. Pl. in N Peruvian Andes (Corroto et al., 2019)
seed		Gabon׳s Med. Pl. Markets (Towns et al., 2014)
leaves, root, bark, seed	oil from seed, young leaves, oil	Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007)
leaf		Med. & Magic Pl. from a Market, Brazil (de Albuquerque et al., 2007)
fruit		Med. Pl. Markets in Maputo, Mozambique (Krog et al., 2006)
seed, root, leaves	fresh plant material, dry plant material	Trad. Med. in Sri Lanka (Kankanamalage et al., 2014)
fruit		Farmacopeia Nat. de Comunidades, NE Brasil (Pessoa da Silva et al., 2015)
seed		Med. Pl. in Markets of Mashhad, Iran (Amiri & Joharchi, 2013)
leaf		Med. Pl. in Markets of Antananarivo, Madagascar (Randriamiharisoa et al., 2015)
	oil	WHODrug Herbal Substances, Suppl. 2023 (WHO-UMC, 2023)
seed, leaf		Handbook African Med. Pl. (Iwu, 1993)
seed		Food Chemicals Codex, 11th edn. (USP, 2018)
seed		U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 43 (2020)
seeds		Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 17th edn. (incl. Suppl. I and II) (2016-2019)
seeds		Med. Pl. in Viet Nam (WHO, 1990)
root, leaf, seed, seed oil		Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000)
seed oil		Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
Seeds		Med. Pl. in China (WHO, 1997)
seed	fatty oil obtained by squeezing and purification from the ripe seed	Pharmacopoeia of China (2005)
seed	oil	Food Chemicals Codex, 6th edn. (USP, 2008)
seed	oil	U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 32 (2008)
branch, leaf	fatty oil	European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007)
seed	fixed oil	Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 15th edn. (2006)
seed	dried seed	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011)
seed		Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia (2002)
seed	mature and dried seeds	Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
seed	oil	Farmacopea Herbolaria Mexico (2001)
seed	fixed oil	Med. Pl. Braz. Pharm. (Brandão et al., 2006)
seed, leaf		Med. Pl. E Nicaragua (Coe et al., 1996)
seed		Med. Pl. of NE Brazil (Fátima Agra et al., 2008)
seed		Med. & Pois. Pl. NE Brazil (Agra et al., 2007)
seed		Med. Pl. Yemen (Fleurentin & Pelt, 1982)
fruit		Wild Med. Pl. Jordan (Al-Qura'n, 2009)
seed	fixed oil	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009)
Leaf, Fruit (Seed), Root		Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008)
seed	fixed oil	Korean Pharmacopoeia, 9th edn. (2007)
seed	fixed oil	Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 16th edn. (2012)
seed	Fatty oil obtained from the seeds by cold expression. It is then refined.	European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012)
seed	fixed oil obtained from the seed	U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 37 (2013)
semillas		Farmacopea Herbolaria Mexicanos (2013)
seeds	oil	Korean Pharmacopoeia, 10th edn. (MFDS, 2012)

Kew's taxonomic resources include 212 scientific synonym(s) for this plant:

Croton spinosus L. Sp. Pl.: 1005 (1753).
Ricinus africanus Mill. Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.° 5 (1768).
Ricinus angulatus Thunb. Ricin.: 6 (1815).
Ricinus armatus Andrews Bot. Repos. 6: t. 430 (1805).
Ricinus atropurpureus Pax & K.Hoffm. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, IX: 126 (1919).
Ricinus badius Rchb. Iconogr. Bot. Exot. 2: 21 (1829).
Ricinus borboniensis Pax & K.Hoffm. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, IX: 126 (1919).
Ricinus cambodgensis Benary Gartenflora 36: 102 (1887).
Ricinus digitatus Noronha Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 5(4): 26 (1790), nom. nud.
Ricinus europaeus T.Nees Gen. Fl. Germ.: 38 (1833).
Ricinus giganteus Pax & K.Hoffm. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, IX: 126 (1919).
Ricinus glaucus Hoffmanns. Verz. Pfl. Nachtr. 2: 199 (1826).
Ricinus hybridus Besser Cat. Jard. Bot. Krzemieniec, Suppl. 2: 13 (1814).
Ricinus inermis Mill. Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.° 6 (1768).
Ricinus japonicus Thunb. Ricin.: 4 (1815).
Ricinus krappa Steud. Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 459 (1841), not validly publ.
Ricinus laevis DC. Rapp. [Not.] Pl. Rar. Genève 1: 31 (1823).
Ricinus leucocarpus Bertol. Giorn. Arcadico Sci. 21: 192 (1824).
Ricinus lividus Jacq. Misc. Austriac. 2: 360 (1781).
Ricinus macrocarpus Popova in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 278 (1941).
Ricinus macrophyllus Bertol. Giorn. Arcadico Sci. 21: 192 (1824).
Ricinus medicus Forssk. Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: 164 (1775).
Ricinus medius J.F.Gmel. Syst. Nat., ed. 13[bis].: 1615 (1792).
Ricinus megalosperma Delile in F.Cailliaud, Voy. Méroé 4: 89 (1827).
Ricinus messeniacus Heldr. Exsicc. (Herb. Graec. Norm.) 15: n.° 1480 (1899).
Ricinus metallicus Pax & K.Hoffm. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, IX: 126 (1919).
Ricinus microcarpus Popova in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 287 (1941).
Ricinus minor Mill. Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.° 7 (1768).
Ricinus nanus Balb. Cat. Stirp. (1813): 65 (1813).
Ricinus peltatus Noronha Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 5(4): 2 (1790), nom. nud.
Ricinus perennis Steud. Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 459 (1841).
Ricinus persicus Popova Trudy Byuro Evgen. 16: 229 (1926).
Ricinus purpurascens Bertol. Misc. Bot. 9: 4 (1851).
Ricinus ruber Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2): 390 (1859).
Ricinus rugosus Mill. Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.° 4 (1768).
Ricinus rutilans Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1017 (1866).
Ricinus sanguineus Groenland Rev. Hort. (Paris), sér. 4, 7: 601 (1858).
Ricinus scaber Bertol. ex Moris Stirp. Sard. Elench. 1: 41 (1827).
Ricinus speciosus Burm.f. Fl. Indica: 207 (1768).
Ricinus spectabilis Blume Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 623 (1826).
Ricinus tunisensis Desf. Tabl. École Bot., ed. 3: 340 (1829).
Ricinus undulatus Besser Cat. Jard. Bot. Krzemieniec: 90 (1811).
Ricinus urens Mill. Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.° 3 (1768).
Ricinus viridis Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 564 (1805).
Ricinus vulgaris Mill. Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.° 1 (1768).
Ricinus vulgaris Garsault Fig. Pl. Méd.: 66 (1764), opus utique oppr.
Ricinus zanzibarinus Popova in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 292 (1941).
Cataputia major Ludw. Ectypa Veg.: t. 7 (1760).
Cataputia minor Ludw. Defin. Gen. Pl., ed. 3.: 81 (1760).
Ricinus communis var. aegyptiaceus (Popova) Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 40 (1980).
Ricinus communis subsp. africanus (Mill.) Nyman Consp. Fl. Eur.: 647 (1881).
Ricinus communis var. africanus Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1019 (1866).
Ricinus communis subvar. almeidae T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 58 (1956).
Ricinus communis var. amblyocalyx Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1019 (1866).
Ricinus communis var. americanus Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1017 (1866).
Ricinus communis subvar. americanus (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 44 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. americanus Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1017 (1866).
Ricinus communis f. argentatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 34 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. argyratus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 36 (1956).
Ricinus communis var. armatus (Andrews) Steud. Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 459 (1841).
Ricinus communis f. atratus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(2): 32 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. atrobrunneatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 37 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. atrofulvatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 55 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. atrofuscatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 53 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. atrophoeniceus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 66 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. atropunicatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 43 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. atropurpureatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 50 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. avellanatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 56 (1956).
Ricinus communis var. badius (Rchb.) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1019 (1866).
Ricinus communis var. bailundensis J.M.Coult. Bull. Soc. Portug. Sci. Nat. 1918: 82 (1918).
Ricinus communis var. benguelensis Müll.Arg. J. Bot. 1: 337 (1864).
Ricinus communis f. blumeanus Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1018 (1866).
Ricinus communis subvar. blumeanus (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 46 (1956).
Ricinus communis var. borboniensis André Pl. Feuill. Ornem.: 206 (1866).
Ricinus communis var. brasiliensis Müll.Arg. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 11(2): 421 (1874).
Ricinus communis var. brevinodis Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 32 (1980).
Ricinus communis var. caesius Popova in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 287 (1941).
Ricinus communis f. canatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 47 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. canescens T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 48 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. carneatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 44 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. cervatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 43 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. cinerascens T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 27 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. cinereatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 65 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. denudatus Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1020 (1866).
Ricinus communis f. epiglaucus Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1020 (1866).
Ricinus communis subvar. epruinosus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 43 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. erythrocladus Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1020 (1866).
Ricinus communis subvar. erythrocladus (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 64 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. exiguus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 68 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. fulvatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 68 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. fumatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 41 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. fuscatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 35 (1956).
Ricinus communis var. genuinus Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1019 (1866), not validly publ.
Ricinus communis var. giganteus André Pl. Feuill. Ornem.: 206 (1866).
Ricinus communis f. gilvus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 53 (1956).
Ricinus communis subvar. glauceus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 27 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. glaucus (Hoffmanns.) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1020 (1866).
Ricinus communis var. glaucus Popova & Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 37 (1980).
Ricinus communis subvar. gracilis (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 68 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. gracilis Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1021 (1866).
Ricinus communis var. griseofolius Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 36 (1980).
Ricinus communis subvar. griseus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 33 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. guttatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 47 (1956).
Ricinus communis var. hybridus (Besser) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1020 (1866).
Ricinus communis f. hybridus (Besser) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1020 (1866).
Ricinus communis f. incarnatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 46 (1956).
Ricinus communis var. indehiscens Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 33 (1980).
Ricinus communis subsp. indicus Popova & Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 35 (1980).
Ricinus communis f. inermis (Mill.) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1018 (1866).
Ricinus communis var. inermis (Mill.) Pax & K.Hoffm. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, XI: 122 (1919).
Ricinus communis f. intermedius Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1020 (1866).
Ricinus communis var. japonicus Popova & Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 35 (1980).
Ricinus communis var. krappa Steud. Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 459 (1841), nom. nud.
Ricinus communis f. laevis (DC.) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1021 (1866).
Ricinus communis var. leucocarpus (Bertol.) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1018 (1866).
Ricinus communis var. lividus (Jacq.) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1018 (1866).
Ricinus communis var. macrocarpus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 27 (1956).
Ricinus communis var. macrophyllus Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1020 (1866).
Ricinus communis subvar. macrophyllus (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 64 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. macrophyllus Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1020 (1866).
Ricinus communis f. maculatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 29 (1956).
Ricinus communis subsp. manshuricus V.Bork. Descr. Var. Azcherkraya: 106 (1936).
Ricinus communis f. marmoreatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 40 (1956).
Ricinus communis var. megalospermus (Delile) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1017 (1866).
Ricinus communis var. mexicanus (Popova) Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 40 (1980).
Ricinus communis subsp. mexicanus Popova Bukasov S.M. Vozdelyv. Rast. Meksiki: 409 (1931).
Ricinus communis var. microcarpus Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1020 (1866).
Ricinus communis var. microspermus Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 31 (1980).
Ricinus communis var. minor (Mill.) Steud. Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 459 (1841).
Ricinus communis f. murinatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 66 (1956).
Ricinus communis var. nanus Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 38 (1980).
Ricinus communis f. nigellus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 51 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. nigrescens T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 45 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. niveatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 39 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. oblongus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 31 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. obscurus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 42 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. oligacanthus Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1020 (1866).
Ricinus communis f. ostrinatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 58 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. pardalinus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 31 (1956).
Ricinus communis subsp. persicus Popova Kleshchevina izd. VIR: 27 (1930).
Ricinus communis proles persicus Popova in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 289 (1941).
Ricinus communis f. picturatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 30 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. plumbeatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 62 (1956).
Ricinus communis subvar. pruinosus (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 41 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. pruinosus Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1017 (1866).
Ricinus communis f. pullatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 49 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. punctatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 48 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. punctulatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 61 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. punicans T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 57 (1956).
Ricinus communis var. purpurascens (Bertol.) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1018 (1866).
Ricinus communis f. purpurascens (Bertol.) Pax in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, XI: 122 (1919).
Ricinus communis subvar. purpurascens (Bertol.) T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 50 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. radiatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 64 (1956).
Ricinus communis var. reichenbachianus Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1019 (1866).
Ricinus communis var. rheedianus Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1020 (1866).
Ricinus communis var. roseus Popova & Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 31 (1980).
Ricinus communis subvar. roseus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 55 (1956).
Ricinus communis var. rubescens Herder Index Seminum (LE, Petropolitanus) 1868: 91 (1869).
Ricinus communis subsp. ruderalis Popova & Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 38 (1980), nom. illeg.
Ricinus communis f. rufescens T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 55 (1956).
Ricinus communis var. rugosus Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1018 (1866).
Ricinus communis f. russatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 57 (1956).
Ricinus communis subvar. rutilans (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 40 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. rutilans Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1017 (1866).
Ricinus communis subsp. sanguineus Popova Kleshchevina izd. VIR: 35 (1930).
Ricinus communis var. sanguineus Baill. Recueil Observ. Bot. 1: 342 (1861).
Ricinus communis subsp. scaber (Bertol. ex Moris) Nyman Consp. Fl. Eur.: 647 (1881).
Ricinus communis f. scaber (Bertol. ex Moris) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1019 (1866).
Ricinus communis f. scriptus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 59 (1956).
Ricinus communis subsp. sinensis Hiltebr. Mirov. Rast. Res.: 63 (1935).
Ricinus communis subsp. sinensis Popova & Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 34 (1980), nom. illeg.
Ricinus communis f. sordidus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 33 (1956).
Ricinus communis var. speciosus (Burm.f.) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1021 (1866).
Ricinus communis var. spontaneus Popova & Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 39 (1980).
Ricinus communis f. stigmosus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 28 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. striatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 63 (1956).
Ricinus communis var. subpurpurascens Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1020 (1866).
Ricinus communis f. subpurpurascens Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1020 (1866).
Ricinus communis f. subrotundus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 54 (1956).
Ricinus communis subvar. subviridus (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 65 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. subviridus Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1019 (1866).
Ricinus communis f. sulcatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 38 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. tigrinus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 39 (1956).
Ricinus communis var. typicus Fiori in A.Fiori & al., Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 292 (1901), not validly publ.
Ricinus communis f. umbrinus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 59 (1956).
Ricinus communis var. undulatus (Besser) Steud. Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 459 (1841).
Ricinus communis var. vasconcellosii T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 33 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. venosus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 37 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. vinatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 52 (1956).
Ricinus communis var. violaceocaulis Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 34 (1980).
Ricinus communis subvar. violaceus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 36 (1956).
Ricinus communis subvar. violeus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 30 (1956).
Ricinus communis var. virens Popova in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 290 (1941).
Ricinus communis var. viridis Popova & Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil): 32 (1980).
Ricinus communis f. viridis (Willd.) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1020 (1866).
Ricinus communis subvar. viridus (Willd.) T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 67 (1956).
Ricinus communis subsp. zanzibarinus Popova Kleshchevina izd. VIR: 43 (1930).
Ricinus communis f. zebrinus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 60 (1956).
Ricinus communis f. zollingeri Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1018 (1866).
Ricinus communis f. zonatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 50 (1956).
Ricinus compactus Huber Cat. Print. 1865: 8 (1865).
Ricinus gibsonii H.J.Veitch Gard. Chron., n.s., 2: 610 (1874).
Ricinus macrocarpus proles indicus Popova in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 283 (1941).
Ricinus macrocarpus proles japonicus Popova in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 285 (1941).
Ricinus macrocarpus var. nudus Popova in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 287 (1941).
Ricinus macrocarpus proles sanguineus Popova in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 280 (1941).
Ricinus microcarpus proles aegypticus Popova in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 291 (1941).
Ricinus microcarpus var. atrovirens Popova in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 290 (1941).
Ricinus microcarpus proles indostanicus Popova in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 290 (1941).
Ricinus microcarpus var. spontaneus Popova in E.V.Wulff (ed.), Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 288 (1941).
Ricinus obermannii Groenland Rev. Hort. (Paris), sér. 4, 7: 601 (1858).
Ricinus zanzibarensis Anon. Ill. Hort. 41: 99 (1894).

This plant is cited in medicinal sources using the following names:

Name as published:	Medicinal source:
Croton spinosus L.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinis communis	Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
Ricinus Communis Linne	Korean Pharmacopoeia, 10th edn. (MFDS, 2012)
Ricinus Communis Linné	Korean Pharmacopoeia, 9th edn. (2007)
Ricinus africanus Mill.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus angulatus Thunb.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus armatus Andr.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus atropurpureus Pax & K.Hoffm.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus badius Rchb.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus borboniensis Pax & K.Hoffm.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus cambodgensis Benary	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus commmunis L.	SOTWP 2016: Kew Economic Botany Collection (RBG, Kew, 2015)
Ricinus communis	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020) Consv. of Indonesian Med. Pl. (Cahyaningsih, 2020) Ethnomedica (RBG, Kew, 2020) Herbal Med. in Jordan (Abu-Irmaileh & Afifib, 2003) Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007) Med. Pl. Marketing in Bangladesh (Dixie et al., 2003) Med. Pl. Mexico (Heinrich et al., 1998) Med. Pl. in Russia & C Asia (Mamedov et al., 2005) Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) SOTWP 2016: Kew Economic Botany Collection (RBG, Kew, 2015) Substances in Meds., Australia (TGA, 2007) Trad. Drugs in Israel at End C20th (Lev & Amar, 2000) Trad. Drugs in Jordan (Lev & Amar, 2002) Tradit. Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018) Useful Pl. of Kongo C Province, Vol 1-2 (Latham & ku Mbuta, 2017)
Ricinus communis L	Med Pl. of Myanmar (DeFilipps & Krupnick, 2018)
Ricinus communis L.	British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014) Checklist of Korean Cult. Plants (Mun-Chan et al., 1986) Comm. Med. Pl. Harvesting, Suriname (van Andel & Havinga, 2008) Commercially Important African Med. Pl. (Van Wyk, 2015) Consv. of Indonesian Med. Pl. (Cahyaningsih, 2020) Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2008) Demand & Supply of Med. Pl. in India (Ved et al., 2017) Ethnobot. & Trade of Pl. in Qaysari Market, Iraq (Mati & Boer, 2011) Ethnobot. in W Granada Province, Spain (Benítez et al., 2010) Ethnophytomed. Against Diabetes, SE Asia (Marwat et al., 2014) European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012) Farmacopea Herbolaria Mexicanos (2013) Farmacopea Herbolaria Mexico (2001) Farmacopeia Nat. de Comunidades, NE Brasil (Pessoa da Silva et al., 2015) Fijian Med. Pl. (Cambie & Ash, 1994) Food Chemicals Codex, 11th edn. (USP, 2018) Food Chemicals Codex, 6th edn. (USP, 2008) GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Gabon׳s Med. Pl. Markets (Towns et al., 2014) Guía de Pl. Med. en Valle de México (Fonseca Chávez et al., 2020) Guía de la Col. de Pl. Med. de PCTY (Méndez González et al., 2016) Hagers Handbuch (Hänsel et al., 1992-1998) Handbook African Med. Pl. (Iwu, 1993) Handbook of Arabian Med. Pl. (Ghazanfar, 1994) Healing Potential of Med. Pl., Palestine (Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2000) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Indig. Uses of Pl. of Malakand, Pakistan (Habib-Ul-Hassan et al., 2015) MAPs in Makawanpur, C Nepal (Bhattarai & Tamang, 2017) Materia Med. in Sowa Rigpa (Wangyal et al., 2020) Med. & Magic Pl. from a Market, Brazil (de Albuquerque et al., 2007) Med. & Pois. Pl. NE Brazil (Agra et al., 2007) Med. Herbs Israel (Said et al., 2002) Med. Pl. Braz. Pharm. (Brandão et al., 2006) Med. Pl. E Nicaragua (Coe et al., 1996) Med. Pl. Markets in Maputo, Mozambique (Krog et al., 2006) Med. Pl. Nicarag. Atlantic Coast (Barrett, 1994) Med. Pl. Trade in Suriname (van Andel et al., 2007) Med. Pl. Traded in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Leitãoa et al., 2014) Med. Pl. Use: Monasteries on Cyprus (Lardos & Heinrich, 2013) Med. Pl. Used by Maonan People in China (Hong et al., 2015) Med. Pl. Used by Women in Mecca (Alqethami et al., 2017) Med. Pl. Yemen (Fleurentin & Pelt, 1982) Med. Pl. for Diabetes in C America (Giovannini et al., 2016) Med. Pl. in Arid Regions of N. Punjab, Pakistan (Ashfaq et al., 2019) Med. Pl. in Balochistan, Pakistan (Bibi et al., 2014) Med. Pl. in China (WHO, 1997) Med. Pl. in Markets of Antananarivo, Madagascar (Randriamiharisoa et al., 2015) Med. Pl. in Markets of Mashhad, Iran (Amiri & Joharchi, 2013) Med. Pl. in Mountainous Chail Valley, Pakistan (Ahmad et al., 2014) Med. Pl. in N Peruvian Andes (Corroto et al., 2019) Med. Pl. in Talagang, Punjab Province (Nazish Rehman et al., 2017) Med. Pl. in Viet Nam (WHO, 1990) Med. Pl. in the Med.: Project Rubia (Gonzalez-Tejero et al., 2008) Med. Pl. of Limu Mountains, China (Zheng et al., 2013) Med. Pl. of NE Brazil (Fátima Agra et al., 2008) Med. Pl. of Tehsil Kabal, Pakistan (Khan et al., 2015) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) Med. and Magical Pl. of S Africa (Arnold et al., 2002) Medicinal Pl. in S Pacific (WHO, 1998) Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016) National List of Med. Pl. in Palestine (Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2014) Native American Ethnobot.(Moerman, 1998) Orders & Families of Med. Pl. in Philippines (Carag & Buot, 2017) Pharmacopoeia of China (2005) Pharmacopoeia of China (2010) Pharmacopoeia of China (2015) Phenolics in Moroccan Med. Pl. Spp. (Mouhajir et al., 2001) Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997) Pl. Med. de S.Francisco Tlaltenco Tláhuac (Ortiz Palacios et al., 2017) Pl. Meds for Musculoskeletal Disorders, N. Pakistan (Malik et al., 2018) Pl. Méd. de la Pharmacopée: Liste A (2000) Pl. Res. of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Mexico (Casas et al., 2001) Pl. for Geohelminth in Kalat District, Pakistan (Bibi et al., 2016) Pl. for Snake and Scorpion Bite in N Pakistan (Butt et al., 2015) Polyglot Asian Med.: Chinese Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 1999) SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020) SOTWP 2016: Kew Economic Botany Collection (RBG, Kew, 2015) SOTWP 2016: PROTA (2015) SOTWP 2016: Pl. for Malaria, Pl. for Fever (Milliken, 2015) SOTWP 2016: Useful Pl. & Fungi Project (2015) Survey in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad, Iran (Mosaddegh et al., 2012) Trad. Med. in Sri Lanka (Kankanamalage et al., 2014) Trad. Use of Ethnomed. Pl. of Saudi Arabia (Aati et al., 2019) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 37 (2013) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 39 (2016) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 43 (2020) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 4 (2009) WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019) WHODrug Herbal Substances, Suppl. 2023 (WHO-UMC, 2023) Wild Med. Pl. Jordan (Al-Qura'n, 2009) World Checklist of Useful Pl. Spp. (Diazgranados et al., 2020) World Dictionary of Med. & Pois. Pl. (Quattrocchi, 2012) Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)
Ricinus communis Lin.	Med. Pl. in Ethnobot./Relig. Trads., Cuba (Carlomagno et al., 2015)
Ricinus communis Linn.	Ayurvedic Pharm. of India (1999-2011) Indian Med. Pl. Dictionary (Khare, 2007) Polyglot Asian Med.: Malay Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022) SOTWP 2016: Useful Pl. of W Tropical Africa (2015) Unani Pharmacopoeia India (2007-2008)
Ricinus communis Linnaeus	Pl. & People of Nepal (Manandhar, 2002)
Ricinus communis Linne	U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 32 (2008)
Ricinus communis Linné	Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 15th edn. (2006) Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 16th edn. (2012) Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 17th edn. (incl. Suppl. I and II) (2016-2019) Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia (2002)
Ricinus commusnis L.	Polyglot Asian Med.: Chinese Subset (Stanley-Baker, 2022)
Ricinus digitatus Noronha	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus europaeus T.Nees	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus giganteus Pax & K.Hoffm.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus glaucus Hoffmanns.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus hybridus Besser	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus inermis	Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997)
Ricinus inermis Mill.	Consv. of Indonesian Med. Pl. (Cahyaningsih, 2020) SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus japonicus Thunb.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus krappa Steud.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus laevis DC.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus leucocarpus Bertol.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus lindus	Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997)
Ricinus lividus Jacq.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus macrocarpus Popova	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus macrophyllus Bertol.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus medicus Forssk.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus medius J.F.Gmel.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus megalosperma Delile	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus megalospermum	Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997)
Ricinus messeniacus Heldr.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus metallicus Pax & K.Hoffm.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus microcarpus Popova	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus minor	Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997)
Ricinus minor Mill.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus nanus Bald.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus peltatus Noronha	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus perennis Steud.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus persicus Popova	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus purpurascens	Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997)
Ricinus purpurascens Bertol.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus ruber Miq.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus rugosus Mill.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus rutilans MÃ¼ll.Arg.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus sanguineus	Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997)
Ricinus sanguineus Hort. ex Groenland	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus scaber Bertol.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus speciosus Burm.f.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus spectabilis Bl.	Consv. of Indonesian Med. Pl. (Cahyaningsih, 2020)
Ricinus spectabilis Blume	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus tunisensis Desf.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus undulatus Besser	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus urens Mill.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus viridis Willd.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus vulgaris Garsault	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus vulgaris Mill.	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)
Ricinus zanzibarinus Popova	SEPASAL Database (RBG, Kew, 2020)

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