Plant Details

Accepted name:: Manihot esculenta Crantz [Euphorbiaceae]
Source:: World Checklist ( High Taxonomic Confidence )
More about this plant:: Plants of the World Online

Non-scientific name:	Class of name:	Medicinal source:
aipim	Other	Med. & Pois. Pl. N.E.Braz. (Agra et al., 2007) Med. Pl. N.E.Brazil (Fátima Agra et al., 2008)
al-vallik-kizhangu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
allvalli kizhangu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
alu-kand	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
alvalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
alvallikkilanku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
añaha	Other	Med. Pl. E. Nicaragua (Coe et al., 1996)
baragaalada gedde	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bitter cassada	Other	U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009)
bitter cassava	Other	Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009)
brazil arrowroot	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
brazilian arrow	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
brazilian arrowroot	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
cassada	Other	U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009)
cassava	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Med. Pl. Nicarag. Atlantic Coast (Barrett, 1994) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) Plants of Econ. Importance (FAO, 1983) The Plant-Book (Mabberley, 1996) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 39 (2016) World Economic Plants (Wiersema et al., 2013)
cassave	Other	Les Plantes Arom. et Med. (Bremness, 1996) Plants of Econ. Importance (FAO, 1983)
cavarikkattai	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cavvatu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
chinamulaku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
cinakkantal	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
darukandah	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
elilaikkilanku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
elilaivalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
elilaivallikkilanku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
elilakkilannu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
ezhilakkizhannu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
gidada genasu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
iik	Other	Med. Pl. Nicarag. Atlantic Coast (Barrett, 1994) Med. Plants for Diabetes in C. America (Giovannini et al., 2016)
inarmelitacceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
inarmelitam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kaadu genasu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kadugenasu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kalidala gida	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kaligala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kalpakandah	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kanagala	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kanagale	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kanagilu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
karrapendalam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
karrapendalamu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kassave	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
kattumaravallikkilanku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
kollikkilannu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
macacheira	Other	Med. & Pois. Pl. N.E.Braz. (Agra et al., 2007) Med. Pl. N.E.Brazil (Fátima Agra et al., 2008)
malaiccarkkaraivalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mandioca	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Med. & Pois. Pl. N.E.Braz. (Agra et al., 2007) Med. Pl. N.E.Brazil (Fátima Agra et al., 2008) Plants for Malaria, Plants for Fever (Milliken, 2021) U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009)
mandioca-branca	Other	Med. & Pois. Pl. N.E.Braz. (Agra et al., 2007) Med. Pl. N.E.Brazil (Fátima Agra et al., 2008)
mandioca-roxa	Other	Med. & Pois. Pl. N.E.Braz. (Agra et al., 2007) Med. Pl. N.E.Brazil (Fátima Agra et al., 2008)
mangnokka	Other	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020)
manioc	Other	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020) GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) The Plant-Book (Mabberley, 1996) Timber Press Plant Names (Erhardt et al., 2009) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009)
maniok	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Kräuter Gewürze und Heilpflanzen (Bremness, 1994) Timber Press Plant Names (Erhardt et al., 2009) World Economic Plants (Wiersema et al., 2013)
maniva	Other	Med. & Pois. Pl. N.E.Braz. (Agra et al., 2007) Med. Pl. N.E.Brazil (Fátima Agra et al., 2008)
manupendalam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
manupendalamu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mara genasu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maraccini	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maracheenie	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
marachini	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maragenasu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maragyansu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
marakilannu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
marakkilannu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
marakkilanu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
marakkizhannu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maramchinikkizhannu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maramcinikilannu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maravalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maravalli kizhangu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maravallikkilanku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maravallimaram	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maraveli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maravelikilannu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
maravelikkizhannu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
marragenasu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
marravalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mayarkkilanku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
mularavalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
para arrowroot	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pavde-pharin	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
peruvalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pilavayakkilanku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pilavayam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
portugalem-chimeni	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
prochugaali chine	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pulakkilannu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pulakkilannukappa	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
pulakkizhannu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
recivalli	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
rio arrowroot	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sabbakshi	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sakkarkand	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
shimla-alu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sweet cassada	Other	U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009)
sweet cassava	Other	U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009)
sweet-potato-tree	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
tapioca	Other	Archivos de Flora Iberica (Morales et al., 1996) GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Plants of Econ. Importance (FAO, 1983) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 39 (2016)
tapioca starch	Other	British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 32 (2008) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 37 (2013) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 39 (2016)
tapioca-plant	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009)
tevatamuki	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
tevatamukikkilanku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
turutavakkilanku	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
turutavam	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
vacampuka	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
velikilanu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
velikkilannu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
velikkizhannu	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
yauhra	Other	Med. Pl. Nicarag. Atlantic Coast (Barrett, 1994)
yuca	Other	Amazonian Ethnobot. Dictionary (Duke et al., 1994) GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Guía de la Col. de Pl. Med. de PCTY (Méndez González et al., 2016) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Med. Pl. Nicarag. Atlantic Coast (Barrett, 1994) Med. Plants of the Achuar, Ecuador (Giovannini, 2015) Plants for Malaria, Plants for Fever (Milliken, 2021) Plants of Econ. Importance (FAO, 1983) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009) World Economic Plants (Wiersema et al., 2013)

Part(s) of plant used:	Drug form:	Medicinal source:
rhizome		British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014)
Root		Med. Plants of the Achuar, Ecuador (Giovannini, 2015)
tuber	starch granules separated from the tubers	U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 39 (2016)
Leaves, Tubers		Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020)
leaves, roots		Guía de la Col. de Pl. Med. de PCTY (Méndez González et al., 2016)
root		Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
tuber	granules	U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 32 (2008)
leaf, root		Med. Pl. E. Nicaragua (Coe et al., 1996)
starch		Med. Pl. N.E.Brazil (Fátima Agra et al., 2008)
starch		Med. & Pois. Pl. N.E.Braz. (Agra et al., 2007)
leaf, root, starch		Med. Pl. Nicarag. Atlantic Coast (Barrett, 1994)
tuber	starch granules separated from the tubers	U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 37 (2013)

Kew's taxonomic resources include 71 scientific synonym(s) for this plant:

Manihot utilissima Pohl Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 32 (1827).
Janipha aipi (Pohl) J.Presl Wšobecný Rostl. 2: 1342 (1846).
Janipha manihot (L.) Kunth in F.W.H.von Humboldt, A.J.A.Bonpland & C.S.Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 108 (1817).
Jatropha aipi (Pohl) Göpp. Offiz. Pfl. Gaert. Bot. Gart. Breslau: 113 (1857).
Jatropha diffusa (Pohl) Steud. Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 799 (1840).
Jatropha digitiformis (Pohl) Steud. Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 799 (1840).
Jatropha dulcis J.F.Gmel. Onomat. Bot. 5: 7 (1773).
Jatropha flabellifolia (Pohl) Steud. Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 799 (1840).
Jatropha glauca A.Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 250 (1850), nom. illeg.
Jatropha janipha Lour. Fl. Cochinch.: 585 (1790), nom. illeg.
Jatropha lobata var. richardiana Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1086 (1866).
Jatropha loureiroi (Pohl) Steud. Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 799 (1840).
Jatropha manihot L. Sp. Pl.: 1007 (1753).
Jatropha mitis Sessé & Moc. Naturaleza (Mexico City), ser. 2, 1(App.): 167 (1890), nom. illeg.
Jatropha mitis Rottb. Acta Lit. Univ. Hafn. 1: 301 (1778).
Jatropha paniculata Ruiz & Pav. ex Pax in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, II: 71 (1910).
Jatropha silvestris Vell. Fl. Flumin. 10: t. 83 (1831).
Jatropha stipulata Vell. Fl. Flumin. 10: 82 (1831).
Mandioca aipi (Pohl) Link Handbuch 2: 436 (1831).
Mandioca dulcis (J.F.Gmel.) D.Parodi Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 4: 127 (1877).
Mandioca utilissima (Pohl) Link Handbuch 2: 436 (1831).
Manihot aipi Pohl Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 29 (1827).
Manihot aipi var. lanceolata Pohl Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 31 (1827).
Manihot aipi var. latifolia Pohl Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 31 (1827).
Manihot aipi var. lutescens Pohl Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 31 (1827).
Manihot aypi Spruce J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 5: 10 (1861).
Manihot cannabina Sweet Hort. Brit., ed. 2: 458 (1830).
Manihot cassava Cook & Collins Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 8: 184 (1903), nom. nud.
Manihot diffusa Pohl Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 55 (1827).
Manihot digitiformis Pohl Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 36 (1827).
Manihot dulcis (J.F.Gmel.) Baill. Traité Bot. Méd. Phan. 2: 932 (1884).
Manihot dulcis var. aipi (Pohl) Pax in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, II: 71 (1910).
Manihot dulcis var. diffusa (Pohl) Pax in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, II: 71 (1910).
Manihot dulcis var. flabellifolia (Pohl) Pax in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, II: 72 (1910).
Manihot edule A.Rich. in R.de la Sagra, Hist. Fis. Cuba, Bot. 11: 208 (1850).
Manihot esculenta subsp. alboerecta Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942), nom. illeg.
Manihot esculenta var. argentea Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942).
Manihot esculenta var. coalescens Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942).
Manihot esculenta var. communis Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942), nom. illeg.
Manihot esculenta var. debilis Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942).
Manihot esculenta subsp. diffusa Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942), nom. illeg.
Manihot esculenta var. digitifolia Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942).
Manihot esculenta var. domingensis Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942), nom. illeg.
Manihot esculenta var. fertilis Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942), nom. illeg.
Manihot esculenta subsp. flabellifolia (Pohl) Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942).
Manihot esculenta var. flavicaulis Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942).
Manihot esculenta var. fuscescens Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942).
Manihot esculenta subsp. grandifolia Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942).
Manihot esculenta var. hispaniolensis Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942), nom. illeg.
Manihot esculenta var. jamaicensis Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942), nom. illeg.
Manihot esculenta var. luteola Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942), nom. illeg.
Manihot esculenta var. mutabilis Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942), nom. illeg.
Manihot esculenta var. nodosa Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942).
Manihot esculenta var. pohlii Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942), nom. illeg.
Manihot esculenta var. ramosissima Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942), nom. illeg.
Manihot esculenta var. rufescens Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942), nom. illeg.
Manihot esculenta var. sprucei Lanj. Euphorb. Surinam: 33 (1931).
Manihot esculenta var. zimmermannii Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942), nom. illeg.
Manihot flabellifolia Pohl Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 35 (1827).
Manihot flexuosa Pax & K.Hoffm. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, XVI: 195 (1924).
Manihot guyanensis Klotzsch ex Pax in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, II: 84 (1910), nom. nud.
Manihot loureiroi Pohl Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 55 (1827).
Manihot manihot (L.) H.Karst. Deut. Fl.: 588 (1882), not validly publ.
Manihot melanobasis Müll.Arg. Linnaea 34: 206 (1865).
Manihot palmata var. aipi (Pohl) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1062 (1866).
Manihot palmata var. diffusa (Pohl) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1062 (1866).
Manihot palmata var. digitiformis (Pohl) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1063 (1833).
Manihot palmata var. flabellifolia (Pohl) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15(2): 1062 (1866).
Manihot sprucei Pax in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 147, I: 71 (1910).
Manihot utilissima var. castellana Pohl Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 34 (1827).
Manihot utilissima var. sutinga Pohl Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 34 (1827).

This plant is cited in medicinal sources using the following names:

Name as published:	Medicinal source:
Manihot esculenta	Ayurvedic Med. Pl. of Sri Lanka (Samarasuriya et al., 2020) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) SOTWP 2016: Kew Economic Botany Collection (2015)
Manihot esculenta Crantz	Amazonian Ethnobot. Dictionary (Duke et al., 1994) Archivos de Flora Iberica (Morales et al., 1996) Conservation of Indonesian Medicinal Plants (Cahyaningsih, 2020) Fijian Medicinal Plants (Cambie & Ash, 1994) Hagers Handbuch (Hänsel et al., 1992-1998) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Kräuter Gewürze und Heilpflanzen (Bremness, 1994) Les Plantes Arom. et Med. (Bremness, 1996) Med. & Pois. Pl. N.E.Braz. (Agra et al., 2007) Med. Pl. E. Nicaragua (Coe et al., 1996) Med. Pl. Latin America (Duke, 2009) Med. Pl. N.E.Brazil (Fátima Agra et al., 2008) Med. Pl. Nicarag. Atlantic Coast (Barrett, 1994) Med. Plants for Diabetes in C. America (Giovannini et al., 2016) Med. Plants of the Achuar, Ecuador (Giovannini, 2015) Med. and Magical Pl. of S. Africa (Arnold et al., 2002) Medicinal plants in South Pacific (WHO, 1998) Plants for Malaria, Plants for Fever (Milliken, 2021) Plants of Econ. Importance (FAO, 1983) SOTWP 2016: Kew Economic Botany Collection (2015) SOTWP 2016: PROTA (2015) SOTWP 2016: Useful Plants and Fungi Project (2015) SOTWP 2016: Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa (2015) The Plant-Book (Mabberley, 1996) Timber Press Plant Names (Erhardt et al., 2009) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HPUS, 2009) World Dictionary of Med. & Pois. Pl. (Quattrocchi, 2012) World Economic Plants (Wiersema et al., 2013) Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)
Manihot esculenta Crantz subsp. esculenta	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
Manihot esculenta Crantz.	Guía de la Col. de Pl. Med. de PCTY (Méndez González et al., 2016) WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019)
Manihot utilissima	Conservation of Indonesian Medicinal Plants (Cahyaningsih, 2020) SOTWP 2016: Kew Economic Botany Collection (2015) Substances in Medicines, Australia (TGA, 2007)
Manihot utilissima Pohl	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 32 (2008) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 37 (2013) U.S. Pharmacopoeia USP 39 (2016)
Manihot utilissima Pohl.	British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014) Conservation of Indonesian Medicinal Plants (Cahyaningsih, 2020) Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997) SOTWP 2016: Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa (2015) Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)
Mannihot esculenta	Handbook African Med. Pl. (Iwu, 1993)

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