Plant Details

Accepted name:

Sambucus nigra L. [Viburnaceae]

Source of taxonomy and confidence:

World Checklist: unpublished records ( )

Information about this plant:

Plants of the World Online

Non-scientific name:	Class of name:	Medicinal source:
aalhornblüten	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
aghti	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
agti	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
american elder bailasan	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
black elder	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Herbal Medicines, 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Med. Pl. Trop. Africa (Schmelzer et al., 2008) Survey of Trad. Drugs Sold in Jordan (Lev, 2002) Trad. Drugs in Israel at End C20th (Lev & Amar, 2000) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
bodzavirág	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
bombardie	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
bore tree	Other	Med. Pl. Trop. Africa (Schmelzer et al., 2008)
boumbardelia	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
boumbardier	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
bourtree	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
bourtree flower	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
campukacceti	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
common elder	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
couloubrignier	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
elder	Other	Herbal Medicines, 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007) Med. Pl. Trop. Africa (Schmelzer et al., 2008) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) SEPASAL database (Kew, 1999) Tea and Herbal Infusions Europe Pl. Inventory (THIE, 2021) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
elder flower	Other	British Pharmacopoeia 2009, Vol. 4 (2008) British Pharmacopoeia 2012, Vol. 4 (2011) British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014) EMA Com. Monog.: Sambucus nigra, flo. (2007) European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012)
elder flowers	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
elder, common	Other	The Plant-Book (Mabberley, 1996) World Economic Plants (Wiersema et al., 2013)
elderberry	Other	Food & Med. in Rural Sweden, Ukraine & NW Russia (Stryamets et al., 2015) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Med. Pl. Trop. Africa (Schmelzer et al., 2008) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) SEPASAL database (Kew, 1999) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004) WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019)
elderberry tree	Other	Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
european black elder	Other	Native American Ethnobotany (Moerman, 1998) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
european black elderberry	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
european elder	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Herbal Medicines, 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
european elderberry	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
fiore di sambuco	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
fleurs de sureau	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
fliederblüten	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
flikfläder	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
flor de sabugeiro	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
flores de sauco	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
flores sambuci	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
flores sambuci nigrae	Pharmaceutical	Med. Pl. of the Russian Pharm. (Shikov, 2014)
flos sambuci	Pharmaceutical	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
flos sambucinigra	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
fläder	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
grand sureau	Other	Med. Pl. Trop. Africa (Schmelzer et al., 2008) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
holderblüten	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
hollerblüten	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
holunder	Other	Encyclopedia of Herb. Medicine (Bartram, 1995) Kräuter Gewürze und Heilpflanzen (Bremness, 1994) Tea and Herbal Infusions Europe Pl. Inventory (THIE, 2021) World Economic Plants (Wiersema et al., 2013)
holunderblüten	Other	E-Kommission: Approved Status (1984-1994) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
hüschenblumen	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
kabiusabugah	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
kalikenblumen	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
khaman kabiv sabubah	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
khamān-e-kabir	Other	Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
koufoxylia	Other	The Herbal Market of Cyprus (Karousou & Deirmentzoglou, 2011)
koufoxyliá	Other	Med. Pl. Use: Monasteries on Cyprus (Lardos & Heinrich, 2013)
mermerká	Other	Med. Pl. Use: Monasteries on Cyprus (Lardos & Heinrich, 2013)
mürver	Other	Med. Pl. Trade Turkey (Özhatay et al., 1997)
okkez sidi musa	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
patlanguc	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
petadou	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
pipe tree	Other	Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020)
sabugeiro	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
sabugueiro	Other	Farmacopeia Brasileira, 5th edn. (2010)
sabugueiro-negro	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Med. Pl. Trop. Africa (Schmelzer et al., 2008)
sahuquier	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
sahus sambequie	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
sambreo	Other	Encyclopedia of Herb. Medicine (Bartram, 1995)
sambuc	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
sambuci flos	Pharmaceutical	E-Kommission: Approved Status (1984-1994) EMA Com. Monog.: Sambucus nigra, flo. (2007) European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
sambuci fructus	Pharmaceutical	Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
sambuco	Other	Dizionario Delle Erbe Med. (Suozzi, 1995) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
sambucus	Other	Herbal Medicines, 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007)
sambucus nigra flos	Pharmaceutical	Farmacopeia Brasileira, 5th edn. (2010)
sambugo	Other	Archivos de Flora Iberica (Morales et al., 1996) GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) World Economic Plants (Wiersema et al., 2013)
sammuch	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
sammuco	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
sauci	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
saucio	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
sauco	Other	Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) Plants for Malaria, Plants for Fever (Milliken, 2019) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
sauco tilo	Other	Med. Plts. in Loja & Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador (Tene, 2007)
sauco, flor	Other	Farmacopea Herbolaria Mexicanos (2013)
sauguer	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
saúco	Other	Archivos de Flora Iberica (Morales et al., 1996) Encyclopedia of Herb. Medicine (Bartram, 1995) GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) World Economic Plants (Wiersema et al., 2013)
schwarzer holunder	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999)
scwarzer holunder	Other	Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
seic	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
seiyouniwatoko	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
sultanotu	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
sureau	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) Med. Pl. Trop. Africa (Schmelzer et al., 2008) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
sureau noir	Other	Encyclopedia of Herb. Medicine (Bartram, 1995) Les Plantes Arom. et Med. (Bremness, 1996) Les Plantes Méd. de la Pharmacopée: Liste A (2000) Med. Pl. Trop. Africa (Schmelzer et al., 2008) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004) World Economic Plants (Wiersema et al., 2013)
sweet elder	Other	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
zamboúkkos	Other	Med. Pl. Use: Monasteries on Cyprus (Lardos & Heinrich, 2013)
zampouko	Other	The Herbal Market of Cyprus (Karousou & Deirmentzoglou, 2011)
zova	Other	Native Med. Plants of Mt. Rtanj (Zlatković, 2014)
ζαμπούκκος	Other	Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016)
κουφοξυλιά	Other	Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016)
μερμερκά	Other	Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016)
бузина чoрна	Other	Food & Med. in Rural Sweden, Ukraine & NW Russia (Stryamets et al., 2015)
آقطی	Other	Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
خمان کبیر	Other	Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
ᾱqti	Other	Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)

Part(s) of plant used:	Drug form:	Medicinal source:
flower		British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014)
Leaf:flower		Med. Plts. in Loja & Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador (Tene, 2007)
flower:fruit:stem bark		Les Plantes Méd. de la Pharmacopée: Liste A (2000)
Flos:fructus		Native Med. Plants of Mt. Rtanj (Zlatković, 2014)
Flower		Survey of Trad. Drugs Sold in Jordan (Lev, 2002)
flos		EMA Com. Monog.: Sambucus nigra, flo. (2007)
Flower		Trad. Drugs in Israel at End C20th (Lev & Amar, 2000)
Flower		Herbal Medicines, 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007)
Aerial parts		Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
Fruit, Flower		WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019)
inﬂorescences		The Herbal Market of Cyprus (Karousou & Deirmentzoglou, 2011)
flower, leaf		Med. Pl. Use: Monasteries on Cyprus (Lardos & Heinrich, 2013)
flower, leaf		Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016)
flower, fruit		Med. Pl. Trade Turkey (Özhatay et al., 1997)
flower	dried flower	WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004)
flower, root, leaf		Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
flower	dried flower	British Pharmacopoeia 2009, Vol. 4 (2008)
flower	dried flower	European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007)
flower	dried flowers	Farmacopeia Brasileira, 5th edn. (2010)
flower	Dried flowers	European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012)
flores secas		Farmacopea Herbolaria Mexicanos (2013)

Kew's taxonomic resources include 65 scientific synonym(s) for this plant:

synonym
Sambucus alba Raf. Alsogr. Amer.: 48 (1838).
Sambucus arborescens Gilib. Exerc. Phyt. 1: 5 (1792), opus utique oppr.
Sambucus aurea (Sweet) Carrière Rev. Hort. (Paris) 63: 384 (1891).
Sambucus columnaris Lebas Rev. Hort. (Paris) 56: 298 (1884).
Sambucus dissecta K.Koch Dendrologie 2(1): 71 (1872).
Sambucus elegans K.Koch Dendrologie 2(1): 71 (1872).
Sambucus floribunda K.Koch Dendrologie 2(1): 71 (1872).
Sambucus florida Salisb. Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 173 (1796), nom. superfl.
Sambucus hirta Tausch Flora 21: 737 (1838).
Sambucus laciniata (L.) Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8: n.° 2 (1768).
Sambucus leucocarpa K.Koch Dendrologie 2(1): 71 (1872).
Sambucus linearis K.Koch Dendrologie 2(1): 71 (1872).
Sambucus lucida Tausch Flora 21: 737 (1838).
Sambucus medullosa Gilib. Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 2 (1782), opus utique oppr.
Sambucus monstrosa Loudon Hort. Brit., Suppl. 2: 671 (1839).
Sambucus nigra var. alba Weston Bot. Univ. 1: 266 (1770).
Sambucus nigra f. alba (Weston) Rehder Bibliogr. Cult. Trees: 599 (1949).
Sambucus nigra var. albida Sweet Hort. Brit. 1: 194 (1826).
Sambucus nigra f. albomarmorata Geerinck Taxonomaniac 1: 19 (2001), nom. superfl.
Sambucus nigra f. albovariegata (Weston) Schwer. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 18: 32 (1909).
Sambucus nigra var. albovariegata Weston Bot. Univ. 1: 266 (1770).
Sambucus nigra f. aurea (Sweet) Schwer. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 18: 33 (1909).
Sambucus nigra var. aurea Sweet Hort. Brit. 1: 194 (1826).
Sambucus nigra var. aureovariegata Rehder Man. Cult. Trees: 796 (1927).
Sambucus nigra var. cannabinifolia Pépin Hort. Universel 3: 231 (1842).
Sambucus nigra f. chlorocarpa (Hayne) Geerinck Taxonomaniac 1: 19 (2001).
Sambucus nigra var. chlorocarpa Hayne Dendrol. Fl.: 39 (1822).
Sambucus nigra var. decussata Gillot Bull. Soc. Bot. France (Sess. Extr.): XII (1883).
Sambucus nigra var. dimorphophylla Rouy in G.Rouy & J.Foucaud, Fl. France 8: 69 (1903).
Sambucus nigra f. dissecta K.Koch Dendrologie 2(1): 72 (1872).
Sambucus nigra fastigiata V.Gibbs Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1929: 286 (1929).
Sambucus nigra filifolia Kache Gartenschönheit 7: 238 (1926).
Sambucus nigra f. heterophylla (Pépin) Schwer. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 18: 32 (1909).
Sambucus nigra var. heterophylla Pépin Hort. Universel 3: 231 (1842).
Sambucus nigra var. laciniata L. Sp. Pl.: 269 (1753).
Sambucus nigra f. laciniata (L.) Zabel in L.Beissner, E.Schelle & H.Zabel, Handb. Laubholzben.: 437 (1903).
Sambucus nigra var. leucocarpa Hayne Dendrol. Fl.: 39 (1822).
Sambucus nigra var. linearis G.Kirchn. in E.A.Petzold & G.Kirchner, Arbor. Muscav.: 447 (1864).
Sambucus nigra f. linearis (G.Kirchn.) C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 633 (1911).
Sambucus nigra f. luteomarmorata Geerinck Taxonomaniac 1: 19 (2001), nom. superfl.
Sambucus nigra var. luteovariegata Weston Bot. Univ. 1: 266 (1770).
Sambucus nigra f. luteovariegata (Weston) Schwer. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 18: 32 (1909).
Sambucus nigra var. mileri Podp. Oesterr. Bot. Z. 50: 215 (1900).
Sambucus nigra var. pendula (Dippel) C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 633 (1911).
Sambucus nigra f. pendula Dippel Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 168 (1889).
Sambucus nigra pendula-nova Carrière Rev. Hort. (Paris) 1890: 503 (1890).
Sambucus nigra f. porphyrophylla E.C.Nelson Plantsman 8: 190 (1986).
Sambucus nigra var. pulla Aiton Hort. Kew. 1: 374 (1789).
Sambucus nigra var. pyramidalis H.Jaeger Ziergehölze Gärt. Parkanl.: 497 (1865).
Sambucus nigra f. pyramidalis (H.Jaeger) Dippel Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 168 (1889).
Sambucus nigra f. pyramidata (Lebas) Schwer. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 18: 30 (1909).
Sambucus nigra var. pyramidata (Lebas) C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 633 (1911).
Sambucus nigra f. rotundifolia (DC.) Dippel Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 168 (1889).
Sambucus nigra var. rotundifolia DC. Prodr. 4: 323 (1830).
Sambucus nigra var. rotundifolia F.Towns. Fl. Hampshire: 159 (1883), nom. illeg.
Sambucus nigra var. variegata Hayne Dendrol. Fl.: 39 (1822).
Sambucus nigra var. virescens (Desf.) Sweet Hort. Brit. 1: 194 (1826).
Sambucus nigra var. viridis Weston Bot. Univ. 1: 266 (1770).
Sambucus nigra f. viridis (Weston) Schwer. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 18: 29 (1909).
Sambucus nigra var. vulgaris Hayne Dendrol. Fl.: 38 (1822).
Sambucus pulverulenta K.Koch Dendrologie 2(1): 71 (1872).
Sambucus pyramidata Lebas Rev. Hort. (Paris) 56: 298 (1884).
Sambucus rotundifolia Lodd. ex Sweet Hort. Brit., ed. 2: 257 (1830), nom. nud.
Sambucus virescens Desf. Hist. Arbr. France 1: 348 (1809).
Sambucus vulgaris Neck. Delic. Gallo-Belg.: 156 (1768).

This plant is cited in medicinal sources using the following names:

Name as published:	Medicinal source:
Sambucus nigra	Med. Pl. Trade Turkey (Özhatay et al., 1997) Med. Pl. and Extracts Market News Service (Brinkmann, 2009) Substances in Medicines, Australia (TGA, 2007) Survey of Trad. Drugs Sold in Jordan (Lev, 2002) Trad. Drugs in Israel at End C20th (Lev & Amar, 2000) Traditional Persian Med. Pl. Database (Rahimi et al., 2018)
Sambucus nigra L.	Archivos de Flora Iberica (Morales et al., 1996) British Pharmacopoeia 2009, Vol. 4 (2008) British Pharmacopoeia 2012, Vol. 4 (2011) British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014) Dizionario Delle Erbe Med. (Suozzi, 1995) EMA Com. Monog.: Sambucus nigra, flo. (2007) Encyclopedia of Herb. Medicine (Bartram, 1995) European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012) Farmacopea Herbolaria Mexicanos (2013) Farmacopeia Brasileira, 5th edn. (2010) Food & Med. in Rural Sweden, Ukraine & NW Russia (Stryamets et al., 2015) Hagers Handbuch (Hänsel et al., 1992-1998) Herbal Medicines, 3rd edn. (Barnes et al., 2007) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) Indian Med. Pl. Database (TDU, 2020) Kräuter Gewürze und Heilpflanzen (Bremness, 1994) Les Plantes Arom. et Med. (Bremness, 1996) Les Plantes Méd. de la Pharmacopée: Liste A (2000) Med. Pl. Trop. Africa (Schmelzer et al., 2008) Med. Pl. Use: Monasteries on Cyprus (Lardos & Heinrich, 2013) Med. Pl. in the Mediterranean: Project Rubia (Gonzalez-Tejero et al., 2008) Med. Pl. of the Russian Pharm. (Shikov, 2014) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) Med. Plts. in Loja & Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador (Tene, 2007) Modern Pl. Use in Monasteries on Cyprus, 2006-2012 (Lardos, 2016) Native American Ethnobotany (Moerman, 1998) Native Med. Plants of Mt. Rtanj (Zlatković, 2014) Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997) Plants for Malaria, Plants for Fever (Milliken, 2019) SEPASAL database (Kew, 1999) Tea and Herbal Infusions Europe Pl. Inventory (THIE, 2021) The Herbal Market of Cyprus (Karousou & Deirmentzoglou, 2011) The Plant-Book (Mabberley, 1996) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) WHO Monographs Med. Pl. 2 (2004) WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019) World Dictionary of Med. & Pois. Pl. (Quattrocchi, 2012) World Economic Plants (Wiersema et al., 2013) Zhonghua Bencao: Materia Medica of China (1998)
Sambucus nigra L. subsp. nigra	GRIN Report: World Economic Plants (Wiersema, 1999) World Dictionary of Med. & Pois. Pl. (Quattrocchi, 2012)
Sambucus nigra Linné	E-Kommission: Approved Status (1984-1994)

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