Plant Details

Accepted name:: Pinus mugo Turra [Pinaceae]
Source:: World Checklist ( High Taxonomic Confidence )
More about this plant:: Plants of the World Online

Non-scientific name:	Class of name:	Medicinal source:
bergtall	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
dwarf mountain pine	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Tea and Herbal Infusions Europe Pl. Inventory (THIE, 2021)
dwarf pine	Other	ISO Catalogue (2009) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
dwarf pine oil	Other	British Pharmacopoeia 2009, Vol. 4 (2008) British Pharmacopoeia 2012, Vol. 4 (2011) British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014) European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012)
kiefernnadelöl	Other	E-Kommission: Approved Status (1984-1994)
krummholzkiefer	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
latschenkiefer	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Tea and Herbal Infusions Europe Pl. Inventory (THIE, 2021)
mountain pine	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) ISO 4720:2009 Essential Oils: Nomenclature (2009) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
mugo pine	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
oil of dwarf pine	Other	ISO Catalogue (2009)
pin de montagne	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
pin des montagnes	Other	ISO 4720:2009 Essential Oils: Nomenclature (2009)
pine	Other	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
pine needle oil	Other	Food Chemicals Codex, 6th edn. (USP, 2008)
pine needle oil, dwarf	Other	Food Chemicals Codex, 11th edn. (USP, 2018) Food Chemicals Codex, 6th edn. (USP, 2008)
pinheiro	Other	Med. Pl. Braz. Pharm. (Brandão et al., 2006)
pini aetheroleum	Pharmaceutical	E-Kommission: Approved Status (1984-1994)
pini pumilionis aetheroleum	Pharmaceutical	European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012)
pino montano	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
pino mugo	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)
pumilio pine	Other	Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
scrub mountain pine	Other	GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999)

Part(s) of plant used:	Drug form:	Medicinal source:
leaf, twig	essential oil	British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014)
leaves	fresh leaves	Food Chemicals Codex, 11th edn. (USP, 2018)
oil		Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004)
leaf, branch	steam distilled essential oil	British Pharmacopoeia 2009, Vol. 4 (2008)
leaf	oil	Food Chemicals Codex, 6th edn. (USP, 2008)
leaf and twig	essential oil	European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007)
	oil	ISO Catalogue (2009)
leaf	essential oil, fluid extract	Med. Pl. Braz. Pharm. (Brandão et al., 2006)
leaf (needle), terminal branchlets	essential oil	ISO 4720:2009 Essential Oils: Nomenclature (2009)
leaf, twig	Essential oil obtained by steam distillation of the fresh leaves and twigs	European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012)

Kew's taxonomic resources include 89 scientific synonym(s) for this plant:

Pinus montana Mill. Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.° 5 (1768).
Pinus mugo var. pumilio (Haenke) Zenari Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1921: 65 (1921).
Pinus mugo subsp. pumilio (Haenke) Franco Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 67: 2 (1983).
Pinus pumilio Haenke in J.Jirasek, Beobacht. Ries. Riesengeb.: 68 (1791).
Pinus carpathicus Anon. Ungrisches Mag. 3: 38 (1786).
Pinus digenea Wettst. Oesterr. Bot. Z. 39: 108 (1889), nom. illeg.
Pinus echinata Carrière Traité Gén. Conif.: 370 (1855), not validly publ.
Pinus fischeri Booth ex P.Lawson Agric. Man.: 333 (1836), nom. superfl.
Pinus magellensis Schouw Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3, 3: 233 (1845).
Pinus montana var. applanata (Willk.) Willk. Forstl. Fl. Deutschl. Oesterr.: 177 (1872).
Pinus montana var. arborea Tubeuf Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 21: 143 (1912).
Pinus montana subsp. arborea (Tubeuf) Hegi Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur., ed. 2, 1: 147 (1935).
Pinus montana var. centrapedunculata (Woerl.) Woerl. Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 3: 182 (1893).
Pinus montana var. eumughus Vierh. Oesterr. Bot. Z. 64: 369, 372 (1914), not validly publ.
Pinus montana subsp. frutescens-erecta (Tubeuf) Hegi Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur., ed. 2, 1: 147 (1935).
Pinus montana var. frutescens-erecta Tubeuf Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 21: 143 (1912).
Pinus montana var. gibba (Willk.) Christ Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 23: 231 (1865).
Pinus montana var. impressa (Hartig ex Willk.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. Farn- u. Blütenpfl. Tirol. 1: 112 (1906).
Pinus montana subsp. mughus (Scop.) Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 1: 228 (1897).
Pinus montana var. mughus (Scop.) Gremli Excursionsfl. Schweiz, ed. 4: 453 (1881).
Pinus montana subsp. mughus (Scop.) Willk. Forstl. Fl. Deutschl. Oesterr.: 177 (1872).
Pinus montana var. prostrata Tubeuf Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 21: 143 (1912).
Pinus montana subsp. prostrata (Tubeuf) Hegi Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur., ed. 2, 1: 147 (1935).
Pinus montana subsp. pumilio (Haenke) Čelak. Prodr. Fl. Böhmen: 18 (1867).
Pinus montana var. pumilio (Haenke) Spach Hist. Nat. Vég. 11: 380 (1841).
Pinus montana var. pyramidalis Schröt. Biblioth. Universelle Rev. Suisse, sér. 3, 14: 280 (1885).
Pinus montana f. slavinii Hornibr. Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 81: 147 (1927).
Pinus mugho Laichard. Man. Bot. 2: 441 (1794), orth. var.
Pinus mughus Scop. Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 2: 247 (1771).
Pinus mughus f. applanata (Willk.) Beck Fl. Nieder-Österreich 1: 4 (1890).
Pinus mughus var. bicolor Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 234 (1861).
Pinus mughus var. brevispina Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 234 (1861).
Pinus mughus var. decumbens Grab. Fl. Ober-Schlesien: 266 (1843).
Pinus mughus var. depressa Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 234 (1861).
Pinus mughus var. impressa Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 234 (1861).
Pinus mughus var. laeta Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 234 (1861).
Pinus mughus var. leptoclada Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 234 (1861).
Pinus mughus var. longispina Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 234 (1861).
Pinus mughus var. lutescens Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 234 (1861).
Pinus mughus var. macroptera Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 234 (1861).
Pinus mughus var. pumilio (Haenke) K.Koch Flora 23: 669 (1840).
Pinus mughus f. pumilio (Haenke) Hayek Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 43 (1924).
Pinus mughus var. rufa Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 234 (1861).
Pinus mughus var. typica Beck Fl. Nieder-Österreich 1: 4 (1890), not validly publ.
Pinus mugo f. applanata (Willk.) K.I.Chr. Nordic J. Bot. 7: 392 (1987).
Pinus mugo var. arborea (Tubeuf) Hyl. Bot. Not. 1953: 352 (1953).
Pinus mugo f. compacta (D.Hill) Rehder Bibliogr. Cult. Trees: 37 (1949).
Pinus mugo var. compacta D.Hill Hill's Evergreens, ed. 1924: 30 (1924).
Pinus mugo subsp. mughus (Scop.) O.Schwarz Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Ges., n.s., 1: 86 (1949).
Pinus mugo subsp. mughus (Scop.) Domin Preslia 13-15: 13 (1935).
Pinus mugo var. mughus (Scop.) Zenari Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1921: 65 (1921).
Pinus mugo var. nana Loudon ex Gordon & Glend. Pinetum: 173 (1858).
Pinus mugo f. slavinii (Hornibr.) Rehder Bibliogr. Cult. Trees: 36 (1949).
Pinus mugo var. typica Domin Preslia 13-15: 13 (1935), not validly publ.
Pinus pumilio var. applanata Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 226 (1861).
Pinus pumilio var. atrata Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 225 (1861).
Pinus pumilio var. cinnamomea Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 225 (1861).
Pinus pumilio var. echinata Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 226 (1861).
Pinus pumilio var. ferruginea Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 225 (1861).
Pinus pumilio var. fischeri Booth ex Loudon Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 4: 2186 (1838).
Pinus pumilio var. fursa Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 225 (1861).
Pinus pumilio var. gibba Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 226 (1861).
Pinus pumilio var. incurva Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 225 (1861).
Pinus pumilio var. limbata Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 225 (1861).
Pinus pumilio var. marginata Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 225 (1861).
Pinus pumilio var. nasuta Beck Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 5: 553 (1890).
Pinus pumilio var. nitida Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 225 (1861).
Pinus pumilio var. oblongata Ten. Fl. Napol. 5: 268 (1836).
Pinus pumilio var. phaeoptera Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 225 (1861).
Pinus pumilio var. pura Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 225 (1861).
Pinus pumilio var. repressa Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 225 (1861).
Pinus pumilio var. revoluta Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 225 (1861).
Pinus pumilio var. rubriflora Loudon Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 4: 2186 (1838).
Pinus pumilio var. striata Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 225 (1861).
Pinus pumilio var. turbinata Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 225 (1861).
Pinus pumilio var. variabilis Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 224 (1861).
Pinus pumilio var. virens Hartig ex Willk. Jahrb. Königl. Sächs. Akad. Forst- Landwirte Tharand 40: 225 (1861).
Pinus rostrata K.Koch Dendrologie 2(2): 280 (1873), not validly publ.
Pinus rubriflora Loudon ex Gordon & Glend. Pinetum: 172 (1858), not validly publ.
Pinus squamosa Bosc ex Loudon Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 4: 2292 (1838).
Pinus sudeticus Anon. Ungrisches Mag. 3: 38 (1786).
Pinus sylvestris var. montana (Mill.) Aiton Hort. Kew. 3: 366 (1789).
Pinus sylvestris subsp. montana (Mill.) Bonnier & Layens Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France: 372 (1894).
Pinus sylvestris var. mugho Chaix ex Vill. Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 3: 805 (1789).
Pinus sylvestris subsp. pumilio (Haenke) Bonnier & Layens Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France: 372 (1894).
Pinus sylvestris var. pumilio (Haenke) Gaudin in F.P.von Schrank, Baier. Fl. 10: 230 (1789).
Pinus uncinata var. pumilio (Haenke) Mathieu Fl. Forest., ed. 2: 393 (1860).
Pinus wettsteinii Fritsch Oesterr. Bot. Z. 39: 153 (1889).
Pinus × obliqua var. centrapedunculata Woerl. Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 3: 9 (1885).

This plant is cited in medicinal sources using the following names:

Name as published:	Medicinal source:
Pinus montana Mill.	Med. Pl. Braz. Pharm. (Brandão et al., 2006)
Pinus mugo	Europe's Med. Pl. (Lange, 1998) Med. Pl. of the World (Wyk & Wink, 2004) Substances in Meds., Australia (TGA, 2007)
Pinus mugo Turra	British Pharmacopoeia 2009, Vol. 4 (2008) British Pharmacopoeia 2012, Vol. 4 (2011) British Pharmacopoeia 2015, Vol. 4 (2014) European Pharmacopoeia, 6th edn. (2007) European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edn. (2012) GRIN Report: World Economic Pl. (Wiersema & León, 1999) Hagers Handbuch (Hänsel et al., 1992-1998) Herbs of Commerce (McGuffin et al., 2000) ISO 4720:2009 Essential Oils: Nomenclature (2009) ISO Catalogue (2009) SOTWP 2016: Kew Economic Botany Collection (RBG, Kew, 2015) Tea and Herbal Infusions Europe Pl. Inventory (THIE, 2021) U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016) WHODrug Herbal Substances (WHO-UMC, 2019) World Checklist of Useful Pl. Spp. (Diazgranados et al., 2020)
Pinus mugo Turra var. pumilio (Haenke) Zenari	Food Chemicals Codex, 11th edn. (USP, 2018) Food Chemicals Codex, 6th edn. (USP, 2008)
Pinus mugo ssp. pumilio (Haenke) Franco	E-Kommission: Approved Status (1984-1994)
Pinus mugo subsp. mugo Turra	U.S. FDA Substance Registration System (2016)
Pinus pumilio Haenke	Pl. Med. Totius Mundi (Penso & Proserpio, 1997)

The following online resources may contain further information about this plant. Please click on any link to search that resource. You may search using the accepted name alone OR using the accepted name and all of its synonyms simultaneously.

Search using just the accepted name

NCBI — (Including Pubmed & GenBank)

— Europe PubMed Central

Google Images

Google Scholar

Encyclopedia of Life

Search using all scientific names used for this plant:

NCBI — (Including Pubmed & GenBank)

— Europe PubMed Central

Google Images